{ "instructions": [ { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Complete", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO Core Record QA" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Complete", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO Extended Record 1 QA" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Extended Record 1", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999-07-26", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": "IROONEY", "instruction": "red", "type": "HANDLING STATUS" } ], "note": [ { "type": "catalogue note", "value": "Accession register: 'Labrador. From graves. Eskimo'.\n\nPLACE: Arctic Circle\n\nOLD DESCRIPTION FROM THE USE FIELD: Lamp wicks were made from dried moss arranged around the higher edge of the bowl and light and heat were provided in the igloo by burning animal oils, especially seal oil. The lamp was often kept filled by the drip from a piece of seal or polar bear fat hanging above the flame. Frames were suspended above the lamp for drying out mittens, boots etc.\n\nOLD DESCRIPTION FROM THE MANUFACTURE FIELD: \nMuch soapstone was found in the Northwest Territories of Canada and traded over great distances. Blocks were quarried out and then shaped with an adze and a bow drill.\n\n- UNFINISHED STORY !\n\n-BOOKS : more than 20 \n\nRELATED OBJECTS: HC.1999.534 \u2013 toy seal \u2013 fat would have been used for fuel \u2013 Hands on Base Display; Case 2; Shelf f- ???\n\nHC.1999. ??? Photograph of Inuit woman preparing seal skin? 2Top?\n\nAlexander, B (1995) 'What do we know about the Inuit?' ISBN 9780750023504.; King, J. C. H. (2005) 'Arctic clothing of North America: Alaska, Canada, Greenland' ISBN 9780714125688.; Molyneaux, B. (2003) 'Mythology of the North American Indian and Inuit nations: myths and legends of North America' ISBN 9781842158647.; http:\/\/www.athropolis.com\/arctic-facts\/fact-kudlik.htm" } ], "loan": { "value": "N" }, "projects": [ "CollectionsOnline01", "CollectionsPeopleStories" ], "subject": [ { "summary": { "title": "Sedna" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "learning subject" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-271", "id": "subject-271", "uuid": "3fb13ef4-31d7-3bcf-9e18-dd687eb5ef4b" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Family and Home" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "theme" } ], "attribution": { "date": [ { "earliest": 2013, "value": "2013-08-10", "latest": 2013, "primary": true } ], "attributor": "Shepherd, Rupert" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-324", "id": "subject-324", "uuid": "ef655832-434e-3cee-8eb3-355146e32731" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "description": [ { "type": "catalogue description", "value": "Stone lamp or 'kudlik'. This lamp is made from soapstone. Much of this soft stone was found in the Northwest Territories of Canada and traded over great distances. Blocks were quarried out and then shaped with an adze and a bow drill. Lamp wicks were made from dried moss arranged around the higher edge of the bowl and light and heat were provided in the igloo by burning animal oils, especially seal oil. The lamp was often kept filled by the drip from a piece of seal or polar bear fat hanging above the flame. Frames were suspended above the lamp for drying out mittens, boots etc.", "primary": true }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": [ { "value": "This record is being updated." } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "historical": true, "source": "Mellor, Mary", "type": "Find Out File", "value": "This lamp is made from soapstone. Much of this soft stone was found in the Northwest Territories of Canada and traded over great distances. Blocks were quarried out and then shaped with an adze and a bow drill. Lamp wicks were made from dried moss arranged around the higher edge of the bowl and light and heat were provided in the igloo by burning animal oils, especially seal oil. The lamp was often kept filled by the drip from a piece of seal or polar bear fat hanging above the flame. Frames were suspended above the lamp for drying out mittens, boots etc." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "description (online)", "value": "Stone lamp or 'kudlik'." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "commentary (online)", "value": "Inuit is used as a name for indigenous peoples who live within the arctic circle and were previously called Eskimos. The term Eskimo was not chosen by the Inuit themselves most of whom now prefer to be known as Inuit, but there is still no total agreement on their name. Inuits live in Canada, Alaska and Greenland and so have different nationalities. \n\nAlthough they share a common culture few of them now live a completely traditional lifestyle. In the past they were living in very isolated places and so they had to be totally self sufficient, relying on land and sea animals, driftwood and soapstone to provide all their needs. When an animal was killed every part of it was used: the flesh was eaten, the fat or blubber used for burning in lamps, the bones used to make sewing needles, its sinew was used for thread and its skin used to make blankets, clothing and footwear. Walrus ivory was particularly important to make knives. \n\nAt the coldest time of year Inuits wore two layers of clothing.The inside layer was worn with the fur against their skin and the outer layer with the fur on the outside, this also included their boots and mittens. Outer layers would be taken off when inside and heat was provided by Kudliks. \n\nBoth men and women wore Parka (anorak) jackets made from animal skin but the woman's jacket called 'Amouti' was longer, with flaps at the front and back to help when kneeling or sitting to prepare food. The woman's jacket also differed from the man's because it had a larger hood to protect the baby, carried on her back, against the cold wind. Boots, called Kamik, were made from dressed skin which means that all the fur had been scraped off." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "description", "value": "Stone lamp or 'kudlik'. This lamp is made from soapstone. Much of this soft stone was found in the Northwest Territories of Canada and traded over great distances. Blocks were quarried out and then shaped with an adze and a bow drill. Lamp wicks were made from dried moss arranged around the higher edge of the bowl and light and heat were provided in the igloo by burning animal oils, especially seal oil. The lamp was often kept filled by the drip from a piece of seal or polar bear fat hanging above the flame. Frames were suspended above the lamp for drying out mittens, boots etc." }, { "type": "use", "value": "These lamps would have provided both heat and light in tents and igloos and were used to dry clothes and cook food.\n\nHow is it used?\nKudlik lamps are like a large liquid candle and were useful for light and heat in the arctic cold. They were also used for cooking food and melting snow into water for drinking. The lamp was often kept filled by the drip from a piece of seal or polar bear fat hanging above the flame. Frames were suspended above the lamp for drying out mittens, boots etc. \n\nWho by and why them? \nIn the past Inuit peoples were living in very isolated places and so they had to be totally self sufficient, relying on land and sea animals, driftwood and soapstone to provide all their needs. Kudlik lamps used material most available to the Inuits. Soapstone is available in the north and especially northwest Canada. Moss or arctic cotton which was used for the wicks would have been plentiful as well as the animal blubber which fuelled the lamp.\n\n\nInuit is used as a name for indigenous peoples who live within the arctic circle and were previously called Eskimos. The term Eskimo was not chosen by the Inuit themselves most of whom now prefer to be known as Inuit, but there is still no total agreement on their name. Inuits live in Canada, Alaska and Greenland and so have different nationalities. Although they are share a common culture few of them now live a completely traditional lifestyle. In the past they were living in very isolated places and so they had to be totally self sufficient, relying on land and sea animals, driftwood and soapstone to provide all their needs. \nWhen an animal was killed every part of it was used, the flesh was eaten, the fat or blubber used for burning in lamps, the bones used to make sewing needles, its sinew was used for thread and its skin used to make blankets, clothing and footwear. Walrus ivory was particularly important to make knives. \n\nAt the coldest time of year Inuits wore two layers of clothing. The inside layer was worn with the fur against their skin and the outer layer with the fur on the outside, this also included their boots and mittens. Outer layers would be taken off when inside and heat was provided by Kudliks. \n\nBoth men and women wore Parka (anorak) jackets made from animal skin but the woman\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s jacket called \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcAmouti\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 is longer, with flaps at the front and back to help when kneeling of sitting to prepare food. The woman\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s jacket also differed from the man\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s because it had a larger hood to protect the baby, carried on her back, against the cold wind. Boots, called Kamik, were made from dressed skin which means that all the fur had been scraped off." }, { "historical": true, "type": "commentary", "value": "These lamps would have provided both heat and light in tents and igloos and were used to dry clothes and cook food." }, { "historical": true, "type": "commentary", "value": "How is it used?\nKudlik lamps are like a large liquid candle and were useful for light and heat in the arctic cold. They were also used for cooking food and melting snow into water for drinking. The lamp was often kept filled by the drip from a piece of seal or polar bear fat hanging above the flame. Frames were suspended above the lamp for drying out mittens, boots etc. \n\nWho is it used by and why them? \nIn the past Inuit people were living in very isolated places and so they had to be totally self sufficient, relying on land and sea animals, driftwood and soapstone to provide all their needs. Kudlik lamps used material most available to the Inuits. Soapstone is available in the north and especially northwest Canada. Moss or arctic cotton which was used for the wicks would have been plentiful as well as the animal blubber which fuelled the lamp." }, { "historical": true, "type": "commentary", "value": "Inuit is used as a name for indigenous peoples who live within the arctic circle and were previously called Eskimos. The term Eskimo was not chosen by the Inuit themselves most of whom now prefer to be known as Inuit, but there is still no total agreement on their name. Inuits live in Canada, Alaska and Greenland and so have different nationalities. \n\nAlthough they share a common culture few of them now live a completely traditional lifestyle. In the past they were living in very isolated places and so they had to be totally self sufficient, relying on land and sea animals, driftwood and soapstone to provide all their needs. When an animal was killed every part of it was used: the flesh was eaten, the fat or blubber used for burning in lamps, the bones used to make sewing needles, its sinew was used for thread and its skin used to make blankets, clothing and footwear. Walrus ivory was particularly important to make knives. \n\nAt the coldest time of year Inuits wore two layers of clothing.The inside layer was worn with the fur against their skin and the outer layer with the fur on the outside, this also included their boots and mittens. Outer layers would be taken off when inside and heat was provided by Kudliks. \n\nBoth men and women wore Parka (anorak) jackets made from animal skin but the woman's jacket called 'Amouti' was longer, with flaps at the front and back to help when kneeling or sitting to prepare food. The woman's jacket also differed from the man's because it had a larger hood to protect the baby, carried on her back, against the cold wind. Boots, called Kamik, were made from dressed skin which means that all the fur had been scraped off." } ], "language": [ "eng" ], "title": [ { "type": "catalogue title", "value": "kudlik; qulliq", "primary": true }, { "note": [ { "value": "One of the names for lamp in the different varieties of Inuit language which is spoken in the Arctic Circle, North America and parts of Canada." } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "display title", "value": "kudlik" }, { "note": [ { "value": "One of the names for lamp in the different varieties of Inuit language which is spoken in the Arctic Circle, North America and parts of Canada." } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "display title", "value": "qulliq" }, { "type": "source language" }, { "type": "source language" } ], "type": { "sub_type": [ "general" ], "scope": "WHOLE", "base": "object" }, "legal": { "status": "permanent collection" }, "options": { "item_count": "1", "option5": "Household furnishings", "flag4": "N", "option6": "http:\/\/www.athropolis.com\/arctic-facts\/fact-kudlik.htm", "flag3": "N", "system_count": "0", "flag2": "Y", "option4": "CollectionsOnline01; CollectionsPeopleStories", "flag1": "N", "option1": "In more recent times, soapstone is being used for many different functions. Soapstone is used in paint, paper and rubber. It can be found in many common household objects including linoleum, tiles, cleaning supplies and cosmetics. Soapstone is also used as laboratory tabletops because it is nonconductive and it is used in welding as it will not burn away.\n\nWhat materials do we use to make heat and light. Where do these come from?\n\nCan you find any other objects on Hands On-Line or in the museum that were used by Inuit people to cope with the extreme living conditions in the Arctic Circle?", "option2": "Kudlik lamps like this one are carved from soapstone. Soapstone, also called potstone and saponite, got its name from its soapy feel. The stone is easily scratched, even with just a fingernail, which makes it perfect for carving. Despite its delicacy, soapstone will not burn away even under high heat. A wick of moss or arctic cotton is used in the lamp and arranged around the higher edge of the lamp making a long flame when lit. Arctic cotton is a type of grass which produces plumes that look like cotton balls. Most often seal blubber was used to fuel the lamp and frames could be suspended above the lamp for drying out clothing.\n\nMuch soapstone was found in the Northwest Territories of Canada and traded over great distances. Blocks were quarried out and then shaped with an adze and a bow drill." }, "appraisal": [ { "source": "catalogue", "@entity": "lifecycle" } ], "term": [ { "summary": { "title": "Inuit" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "user" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section", "type": "maker or user" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-500667", "id": "term-500667", "uuid": "d459aff2-b7c7-3f3c-b53e-c9de579eec8f" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "lamps (lighting devices)" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "object name" } ], "attribution": { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-08-15", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-503520", "id": "term-503520", "uuid": "2077cf30-cdff-3236-b4b9-88af4e782465" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Inuit" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "maker" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": 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"lamp (lighting devices)" }, "identifier": [ { "accession_number": "14.254", "type": "accession number", "value": "14.254", "primary": true }, { "source": "accession registers", "type": "old Horniman accession number", "value": "556" }, { "type": "Horniman Laboratory Number", "value": "15012" } ], "collection": "Anthropology", "condition": [ { "date": { "earliest": 2014, "value": "2014-01-31", "latest": 2014 }, "examiner": "Ridley, Charlotte", "value": "2: fair" } ], "multimedia": [ { "processed": { "preview": { "resizable": true, "format": "jpeg", "modified": 1222862756000, "location": "160\/346\/preview_14_254__004_PS.jpg", "type": "image", "measurements": { "filesize": { "units": "bytes", "value": 1196 }, "dimensions": [ { "units": "pixels", "dimension": "height", "value": 76 }, { "units": "pixels", "dimension": "width", "value": 76 } ] } }, "feature": { "resizable": true, "format": "jpeg", "modified": 1222862756000, "location": "160\/346\/feature_14_254__004_PS.jpg", "type": 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