{
    "note": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue note",
            "value": "These seals were used by illiterate people - frequently by merchants - and when a deal was consummated, each party handed over his seal to the other who, after wetting the document to be sealed, pressed the seal upon the ink pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document.\n\nBehnaz Atighi Moghddam who translated the seals for us and who works in the Asia Department at the V&A wrote the following (2014-04-10) \"None of my colleagues agree with Major Jackson's comment regarding the seals being used by illiterate people. However, it is true that some seals would have been used in business transactions. Seals were most often worn for the protective properties provided by the texts engraved on them.\""
        }
    ],
    "parent": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "type": "reference"
            },
            "summary_title": "seal (writing & printing)",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-object-105493",
                "id": "object-105493",
                "uuid": "d971b620-348e-31ce-af19-51569cbc0716"
            }
        }
    ],
    "loan": {
        "value": "Y"
    },
    "admin": {
        "processed": 1745604144973,
        "sequence": 7322618,
        "uid": "hmc-object-132367",
        "added": 1663961572759,
        "stream": "collections-online",
        "id": "object-132367",
        "source": "hmc",
        "uuid": "f9073e2c-4dc0-3021-bb4f-a43498e3201d"
    },
    "description": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue description",
            "value": "One of a collection of seals made of cornelian, glass and brass, finely engraved in Arabic script. Some of the brass ones are backed with bitumen, indicating the method by which they were held in the mountings. Since these mounts were often precious, they have probably been removed for melting down. \"These seals were ... frequently used by merchants  and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other who after wetting the document to be sealed with his wet thumb, pressed the seal upon the ink-pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document.' Seals are of various shapes: square, round, oval and triangular. From 0.4\" x 0.45\" to 0.9 x 0.6\".",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "date": [
                {
                    "earliest": 2004,
                    "value": "2004-12-06",
                    "latest": 2004,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "type": "object description",
            "value": "Collection of seals made of cornelian, glass and brass, finely engraved in Arabic script. Some of the brass ones are backed with bitumen, indicating the method by which they were held in the mountings. Since these mounts were often precious, they have probably been removed for melting down. \"These seals were used by illiterate people (frequently by merchants) and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other who after wetting the document to be sealed with his wet thumb, pressed the seal upon the ink-pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document.' Seals are of various shapes: square, round, oval and triangular. From 0.4\" x 0.45\" to 0.9 x 0.6\"."
        },
        {
            "attribution": {
                "date": [
                    {
                        "earliest": 2014,
                        "value": "2014-04-14",
                        "latest": 2014,
                        "primary": true
                    }
                ],
                "attributor": "Crowley, Tom"
            },
            "type": "commentary (online)",
            "value": "Seal to be mounted on a ring, Iran.\n\nMajor R. Jackson, who donated this ring seal to the Horniman Museum, gives the following account of how it would have been used:\n\n [Such seals were used] frequently by merchants and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other who, after wetting the document to be sealed with his licked thumb, pressed the seal upon an ink pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document!\u201d\n\nHowever, this seal served more than just an economic purpose. As with many Islamic rings our seal is amuletic, naming the owner and beseeching God\u2019s help in his favour. \n\nThe inscription reads: \"Abdaho kaka khan\" or, \"[God\u2019s] servant, Kaka Khan [name]\".\n\n\nNineteenth or twentieth century. Brass. Formerly in the collection of Major R. Jackson. Donated to the Horniman Museum in 1966."
        },
        {
            "type": "use",
            "value": "These seals were used by illiterate people, frequently by merchants, and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other, who, after wetting the document to be sealed with his wet thumb, pressed the seal upon the ink-pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document."
        }
    ],
    "language": [
        "eng"
    ],
    "type": {
        "sub_type": [
            "general"
        ],
        "scope": "PART",
        "base": "object"
    },
    "lifecycle": {
        "creation": [
            {
                "date": [
                    {
                        "source": "catalogue",
                        "earliest": 1801,
                        "value": "19th or 20th century",
                        "latest": 1900
                    },
                    {
                        "value": "Nineteenth or twentieth century"
                    },
                    {
                        "role": [
                            {
                                "value": "date made"
                            }
                        ],
                        "attribution": {
                            "date": [
                                {
                                    "earliest": 2015,
                                    "value": "2015-01-30",
                                    "latest": 2015,
                                    "primary": true
                                }
                            ],
                            "attributor": "Kerlogue, Fiona"
                        },
                        "earliest": 1901,
                        "value": "19th or 20th century",
                        "latest": 2000
                    }
                ],
                "places": [
                    {
                        "@link": {
                            "role": [
                                {
                                    "value": "made or collected"
                                }
                            ],
                            "type": "reference"
                        },
                        "summary_title": "Persia",
                        "admin": {
                            "uid": "hmc-place-1434",
                            "id": "place-1434",
                            "uuid": "3bebd53d-c4eb-3983-a252-23fb08b92891"
                        },
                        "sort": "01"
                    },
                    {
                        "@link": {
                            "role": [
                                {
                                    "value": "made or collected"
                                }
                            ],
                            "type": "reference"
                        },
                        "summary_title": "Iran",
                        "admin": {
                            "uid": "hmc-place-210",
                            "id": "place-210",
                            "uuid": "37a4c8e3-0436-3378-a95f-153273287f27"
                        },
                        "sort": "02"
                    },
                    {
                        "@link": {
                            "source": "catalogue",
                            "type": "literal"
                        },
                        "summary_title": "Persia, West Asia, Asia; Iran, West Asia, Asia",
                        "name": [
                            {
                                "value": "Persia, West Asia, Asia; Iran, West Asia, Asia"
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    "physicalDescriptors": [
        {
            "note": "(AAT)",
            "component": "overall",
            "terms": "brass",
            "descriptor": "material",
            "@reference": {
                "@link": {
                    "role": [
                        {
                            "value": "material"
                        }
                    ],
                    "type": "reference"
                },
                "summary_title": "brass",
                "admin": {
                    "uid": "hmc-term-1015534",
                    "id": "term-1015534",
                    "uuid": "4078f338-da72-3fa9-a92c-69f5edb35e7b"
                }
            },
            "type": "material"
        }
    ],
    "terms": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "role": [
                    {
                        "value": "object name"
                    }
                ],
                "type": "reference"
            },
            "summary_title": "seals (writing & printing)",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-term-502908",
                "id": "term-502908",
                "uuid": "d0f420c9-7599-39f3-a574-2e91446be81c"
            }
        }
    ],
    "summary_title": "seal (writing & printing)",
    "legal": {
        "status": "permanent collection"
    },
    "options": {
        "item_count": "1",
        "flag4": "N",
        "flag3": "N",
        "flag2": "N",
        "flag1": "N"
    },
    "appraisal": [
        {
            "source": "catalogue",
            "@entity": "lifecycle"
        }
    ],
    "inscription": [
        {
            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "Translation by Behnaz Atighi Moghaddam. April 2014."
                }
            ],
            "details": [
                {
                    "transcription": "\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646",
                    "translation": [
                        {
                            "value": "[God\u2019s] servant, Kaka Khan [name]"
                        }
                    ],
                    "transliteration": "Abdaho kaka khan"
                }
            ],
            "language": [
                "Arabic; Persian"
            ],
            "type": "inscription"
        }
    ],
    "categories": [
        {
            "type": "category1",
            "value": "Anthropology: Ethnography"
        }
    ],
    "measurements": {
        "display": "overall: 2.3 g",
        "attribution": {
            "date": [
                {
                    "earliest": 2016,
                    "value": "2016-07-20",
                    "latest": 2016,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "attributor": "Jennings, Rachel",
            "source": "object",
            "type": "display"
        },
        "count": "1",
        "dimensions": [
            {
                "type": "catalogue dimensions",
                "value": "overall: 2.3 g; overall: 11 mm x 11 mm x 5 mm",
                "primary": true
            },
            {
                "units": "in",
                "dimension": "depth",
                "value": "3\/16"
            },
            {
                "units": "mm",
                "dimension": "depth",
                "value": "5"
            },
            {
                "units": "in",
                "dimension": "height",
                "value": "7\/16"
            },
            {
                "units": "mm",
                "dimension": "height",
                "value": "11"
            },
            {
                "units": "in",
                "dimension": "width",
                "value": "7\/16"
            },
            {
                "units": "mm",
                "dimension": "width",
                "value": "11"
            },
            {
                "units": "g",
                "dimension": "weight",
                "value": "2.3"
            },
            {
                "units": "oz",
                "dimension": "weight",
                "value": "0.08113"
            }
        ]
    },
    "identifier": [
        {
            "accession_number": "8.10.66\/14i",
            "type": "accession number",
            "value": "8.10.66\/14i",
            "primary": true
        }
    ],
    "collection": "Anthropology",
    "multimedia": [
        {
            "processed": {
                "preview": {
                    "resizable": true,
                    "format": "jpeg",
                    "modified": 1393329167000,
                    "location": "344\/915\/preview_8_10_66_14i__001_DS.jpg",
                    "type": "image",
                    "measurements": {
                        "filesize": {
                            "units": "bytes",
                            "value": 20242
                        },
                        "dimensions": [
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "height",
                                "value": 57
                            },
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "width",
                                "value": 76
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                },
                "feature": {
                    "resizable": true,
                    "format": "jpeg",
                    "modified": 1393329167000,
                    "location": "344\/915\/feature_8_10_66_14i__001_DS.jpg",
                    "type": "image",
                    "measurements": {
                        "filesize": {
                            "units": "bytes",
                            "value": 30078
                        },
                        "dimensions": [
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "height",
                                "value": 373
                            },
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "width",
                                "value": 497
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                },
                "large": {
                    "resizable": true,
                    "format": "jpeg",
                    "modified": 1393329167000,
                    "location": "344\/915\/large_8_10_66_14i__001_DS.jpg",
                    "type": "image",
                    "measurements": {
                        "filesize": {
                            "units": "bytes",
                            "value": 38704
                        },
                        "dimensions": [
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "height",
                                "value": 563
                            },
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "width",
                                "value": 750
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                },
                "mid": {
                    "resizable": true,
                    "format": "jpeg",
                    "modified": 1393329167000,
                    "location": "344\/915\/mid_8_10_66_14i__001_DS.jpg",
                    "type": "image",
                    "measurements": {
                        "filesize": {
                            "units": "bytes",
                            "value": 21445
                        },
                        "dimensions": [
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "height",
                                "value": 115
                            },
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "width",
                                "value": 153
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                },
                "body": {
                    "resizable": true,
                    "format": "jpeg",
                    "modified": 1393329167000,
                    "location": "344\/915\/body_8_10_66_14i__001_DS.jpg",
                    "type": "image",
                    "measurements": {
                        "filesize": {
                            "units": "bytes",
                            "value": 21340
                        },
                        "dimensions": [
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "height",
                                "value": 110
                            },
                            {
                                "units": "pixels",
                                "dimension": "width",
                                "value": 147
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                }
            },
            "@link": {
                "role": [
                    {
                        "value": "image of object"
                    }
                ],
                "portion": "whole",
                "attribution": {
                    "type": "general"
                },
                "type": "reference"
            },
            "legal": {
                "credit": "Horniman Museum and Gardens"
            },
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-media-344915",
                "id": "media-344915",
                "uuid": "c9fee450-dee9-3d28-a732-66c256b30b99"
            },
            "sort": "01",
            "title": [
                {
                    "type": "caption",
                    "value": "General view of whole of Horniman Museum object no 8.10.66\/14i"
                }
            ],
            "type": "image"
        }
    ],
    "ownership": [
        {
            "owner": [
                {
                    "@link": {
                        "date": {
                            "value": "-1966-10-08",
                            "latest": 1966
                        },
                        "role": [
                            {
                                "value": "donor"
                            }
                        ],
                        "attribution": {
                            "date": [
                                {
                                    "earliest": 1966,
                                    "value": "1966-10-08",
                                    "latest": 1966,
                                    "primary": true
                                }
                            ],
                            "attributor": "curator",
                            "source": "accession registers"
                        },
                        "type": "reference"
                    },
                    "summary_title": "Jackson, R",
                    "admin": {
                        "uid": "hmc-agent-4633",
                        "id": "agent-4633",
                        "uuid": "de4164ab-5de9-31fe-acbd-fe9dbac40b58"
                    }
                }
            ],
            "@entity": "lifecycle"
        }
    ],
    "materials": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue materials",
            "value": "brass",
            "primary": true
        }
    ],
    "name": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue name",
            "value": "seal (writing & printing)",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "@reference": {
                "@link": {
                    "role": [
                        {
                            "value": "object name"
                        }
                    ],
                    "type": "reference",
                    "variation": 114323
                },
                "summary_title": "seals (writing & printing)",
                "admin": {
                    "uid": "hmc-term-502908",
                    "id": "term-502908",
                    "uuid": "d0f420c9-7599-39f3-a574-2e91446be81c"
                }
            },
            "type": "object name"
        },
        {
            "type": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)",
            "value": "seal (writing & printing)"
        }
    ],
    "facilities": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "container": "Box14816",
                "date": {
                    "earliest": 2017,
                    "value": "2017-07-26",
                    "latest": 2017
                },
                "level4": "shZR",
                "current": "Y",
                "last": {
                    "level4": "shZR",
                    "location": "HMG - North Greenwich",
                    "level1": "Study Collections Centre",
                    "level3": "bay35",
                    "level2": "3\/0"
                },
                "moved": {
                    "by": "Elsden, Esme"
                },
                "location": "HMG - North Greenwich",
                "level1": "Study Collections Centre",
                "type": "reference",
                "level3": "bay35",
                "level2": "3\/0"
            },
            "summary_title": "shZR",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-facility-5647",
                "id": "facility-5647",
                "uuid": "f027d717-c751-31da-a00d-510fcd7bf144"
            },
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "Location automatically updated from SCC; 3\/0; 000035; ; 0000ZR;  as part of rationalisation of SCC locations, Rupert Shepherd,  2012-06-30."
                }
            ],
            "@link": {
                "date": {
                    "earliest": 2004,
                    "value": "2004-12-06",
                    "latest": 2004
                },
                "level4": "shZR",
                "current": "N",
                "role": [
                    {
                        "value": "historical"
                    }
                ],
                "last": {
                    "level5": "0000ZR",
                    "location": "Horniman Museum. Study Collections Centre",
                    "level1": "SCC",
                    "level3": "000035",
                    "level2": "3\/0"
                },
                "purpose": "regular storage",
                "moved": {
                    "by": "Holley, Rachael"
                },
                "location": "HMG - North Greenwich",
                "level1": "Study Collections Centre",
                "type": "reference",
                "level3": "bay35",
                "level2": "3\/0"
            },
            "summary_title": "shZR",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-facility-5647",
                "id": "facility-5647",
                "uuid": "f027d717-c751-31da-a00d-510fcd7bf144"
            }
        },
        {
            "@link": {
                "date": {
                    "earliest": 2004,
                    "value": "2004-12-06",
                    "latest": 2004
                },
                "level4": "shZR",
                "current": "N",
                "role": [
                    {
                        "value": "historical"
                    }
                ],
                "purpose": "regular storage",
                "moved": {
                    "by": "Holley, Rachael"
                },
                "location": "HMG - North Greenwich",
                "level1": "Study Collections Centre",
                "type": "reference",
                "level3": "bay35",
                "level2": "3\/0"
            },
            "summary_title": "HMG - North Greenwich",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-facility-550",
                "id": "facility-550",
                "uuid": "a6a2a6a8-0897-383a-b876-7caa8bdc0fea"
            }
        }
    ],
    "publications": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "pages": "158-159",
                "role": [
                    {
                        "value": "discusses similar"
                    }
                ],
                "attribution": {
                    "date": [
                        {
                            "earliest": 2014,
                            "value": "2014-04-14",
                            "latest": 2014,
                            "primary": true
                        }
                    ],
                    "attributor": "Crowley, Tom"
                },
                "illustration": "Y",
                "type": "reference"
            },
            "summary_title": "Ornament and Amulet. Rings of the Islamic Lands. The Nasser D Khalili Collection of Islamic Art",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-publication-946",
                "id": "publication-946",
                "uuid": "237f3cdc-d95a-3a13-992a-f9a0dd90eb80"
            }
        }
    ]
}