{
    "note": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue note",
            "value": "These seals were used by illiterate people - frequently by merchants - and when a deal was consummated, each party handed over his seal to the other who, after wetting the document to be sealed, pressed the seal upon the ink pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document.\n\nBehnaz Atighi Moghddam who translated the seals for us and who works in the Asia Department at the V&A wrote the following (2014-04-10) \"None of my colleagues agree with Major Jackson's comment regarding the seals being used by illiterate people. However, it is true that some seals would have been used in business transactions. Seals were most often worn for the protective properties provided by the texts engraved on them.\""
        }
    ],
    "parent": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "type": "reference"
            },
            "summary_title": "seal (writing & printing)",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-object-105493",
                "id": "object-105493",
                "uuid": "d971b620-348e-31ce-af19-51569cbc0716"
            }
        }
    ],
    "loan": {
        "value": "Y"
    },
    "admin": {
        "processed": 1745604144973,
        "sequence": 7322509,
        "uid": "hmc-object-132376",
        "added": 1663961573167,
        "stream": "collections-online",
        "id": "object-132376",
        "source": "hmc",
        "uuid": "f82db08d-db83-3d23-9eea-2bc313c7f7a6"
    },
    "description": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue description",
            "value": "One of a collection of seals made of cornelian, glass and brass, finely engraved in Arabic script. Some of the brass ones are backed with bitumen, indicating the method by which they were held in the mountings. Since these mounts were often precious, they have probably been removed for melting down. \"These seals were... frequently used by merchants and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other who after wetting the document to be sealed with his wet thumb, pressed the seal upon the ink-pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document.' Seals are of various shapes: square, round, oval and triangular. From 0.4\" x 0.45\" to 0.9 x 0.6\".",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "date": [
                {
                    "earliest": 2004,
                    "value": "2004-12-06",
                    "latest": 2004,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "historical": true,
            "type": "object description",
            "value": "Collection of seals made of cornelian, glass and brass, finely engraved in Arabic script. Some of the brass ones are backed with bitumen, indicating the method by which they were held in the mountings. Since these mounts were often precious, they have probably been removed for melting down. \"These seals were used by illiterate people (frequently by merchants) and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other who after wetting the document to be sealed with his wet thumb, pressed the seal upon the ink-pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document.' Seals are of various shapes: square, round, oval and triangular. From 0.4\" x 0.45\" to 0.9 x 0.6\"."
        },
        {
            "attribution": {
                "date": [
                    {
                        "earliest": 2014,
                        "value": "2014-04-14",
                        "latest": 2014,
                        "primary": true
                    }
                ],
                "attributor": "Crowley, Tom"
            },
            "type": "commentary (online)",
            "value": "Seal to be mounted on a ring, Iran.\n\nMajor R. Jackson who donated this ring seal to the Horinam Museum gives the following account of how it would have been used:\n\n\u201c[Such seals were used] frequently by merchants and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other who, after wetting the document to be sealed with his licked thumb, pressed the seal upon an ink pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document!\u201d\n\nThe inscription on this ring reads: \"Jafar Ghuli AH 1329\" or, \"Jafar Ghuli [a man's name], CE 1911-1912\".\n\n\n1911-1912 CE. Brass. Formerly in the collection of Major R. Jackson. Donated to the Horniman Museum in 1966."
        },
        {
            "type": "use",
            "value": "These seals were used by illiterate people, frequently by merchants, and when a deal was consummated each party handed over his seal to the other, who, after wetting the document to be sealed with his wet thumb, pressed the seal upon the ink-pad and then reproduced it on the moistened document."
        }
    ],
    "language": [
        "eng"
    ],
    "type": {
        "sub_type": [
            "general"
        ],
        "scope": "PART",
        "base": "object"
    },
    "lifecycle": {
        "creation": [
            {
                "date": [
                    {
                        "source": "catalogue",
                        "earliest": 1911,
                        "value": "1911-1912 CE",
                        "latest": 1912
                    },
                    {
                        "earliest": 1911,
                        "value": "1911-1912 CE",
                        "latest": 1912
                    }
                ],
                "places": [
                    {
                        "@link": {
                            "role": [
                                {
                                    "value": "made or collected"
                                }
                            ],
                            "type": "reference"
                        },
                        "summary_title": "Persia",
                        "admin": {
                            "uid": "hmc-place-1434",
                            "id": "place-1434",
                            "uuid": "3bebd53d-c4eb-3983-a252-23fb08b92891"
                        },
                        "sort": "01"
                    },
                    {
                        "@link": {
                            "role": [
                                {
                                    "value": "made or collected"
                                }
                            ],
                            "type": "reference"
                        },
                        "summary_title": "Iran",
                        "admin": {
                            "uid": "hmc-place-210",
                            "id": "place-210",
                            "uuid": "37a4c8e3-0436-3378-a95f-153273287f27"
                        },
                        "sort": "02"
                    },
                    {
                        "@link": {
                            "source": "catalogue",
                            "type": "literal"
                        },
                        "summary_title": "Persia, West Asia, Asia; Iran, West Asia, Asia",
                        "name": [
                            {
                                "value": "Persia, West Asia, Asia; Iran, West Asia, Asia"
                            }
                        ]
                    }
                ]
            }
        ]
    },
    "physicalDescriptors": [
        {
            "note": "(AAT)",
            "component": "overall",
            "terms": "brass",
            "descriptor": "material",
            "@reference": {
                "@link": {
                    "role": [
                        {
                            "value": "material"
                        }
                    ],
                    "type": "reference"
                },
                "summary_title": "brass",
                "admin": {
                    "uid": "hmc-term-1015534",
                    "id": "term-1015534",
                    "uuid": "4078f338-da72-3fa9-a92c-69f5edb35e7b"
                }
            },
            "type": "material"
        }
    ],
    "terms": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "role": [
                    {
                        "value": "object name"
                    }
                ],
                "type": "reference"
            },
            "summary_title": "seals (writing & printing)",
            "admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-term-502908",
                "id": "term-502908",
                "uuid": "d0f420c9-7599-39f3-a574-2e91446be81c"
            }
        }
    ],
    "summary_title": "seal (writing & printing)",
    "legal": {
        "status": "permanent collection"
    },
    "options": {
        "item_count": "1",
        "flag4": "N",
        "flag3": "N",
        "flag2": "N",
        "flag1": "N"
    },
    "appraisal": [
        {
            "source": "catalogue",
            "@entity": "lifecycle"
        }
    ],
    "inscription": [
        {
            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "Translation by Behnaz Atighi Moghaddam. April 2014."
                }
            ],
            "details": [
                {
                    "transcription": "\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a   \u0661\u0663\u0662\u0669",
                    "translation": [
                        {
                            "value": "Jafar Ghuli AH 1329 [AD 1911-1912]"
                        }
                    ],
                    "transliteration": "Jafar Ghuli AH 1329 [AD 1911-1912]"
                }
            ],
            "language": [
                "Arabic; Persian"
            ],
            "type": "inscription"
        }
    ],
    "categories": [
        {
            "type": "category1",
            "value": "Anthropology: Ethnography"
        }
    ],
    "measurements": {
        "display": "overall: 3.5 g",
        "attribution": {
            "date": [
                {
                    "earliest": 2016,
                    "value": "2016-07-20",
                    "latest": 2016,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "attributor": "Jennings, Rachel",
            "source": "object",
            "type": "display"
        },
        "count": "1",
        "dimensions": [
            {
                "type": "catalogue dimensions",
                "value": "overall: 3.5 g; overall: 18 mm x 14 mm x 4 mm",
                "primary": true
            },
            {
                "units": "in",
                "dimension": "depth",
                "value": "3\/16"
            },
            {
                "units": "mm",
                "dimension": "depth",
                "value": "4"
            },
            {
                "units": "in",
                "dimension": "height",
                "value": "11\/16"
            },
            {
                "units": "mm",
                "dimension": "height",
                "value": "18"
            },
            {
                "units": "in",
                "dimension": "width",
                "value": "9\/16"
            },
            {
                "units": "mm",
                "dimension": "width",
                "value": "14"
            },
            {
                "units": "g",
                "dimension": "weight",
                "value": "3.5"
            },
            {
                "units": "oz",
                "dimension": "weight",
                "value": "0.12346"
            }
        ]
    },
    "identifier": [
        {
            "accession_number": "8.10.66\/14x",
            "type": "accession number",
            "value": "8.10.66\/14x",
            "primary": true
        }
    ],
    "collection": "Anthropology",
    "multimedia": [
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            "processed": {
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                    "resizable": true,
                    "format": "jpeg",
                    "modified": 1393329254000,
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                "feature": {
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                "large": {
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            "@link": {
                "role": [
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                "portion": "whole",
                "attribution": {
                    "type": "general"
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                "type": "reference"
            },
            "legal": {
                "credit": "Horniman Museum and Gardens"
            },
            "admin": {
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                "id": "media-344948",
                "uuid": "219bfcad-ddf2-3dbe-b334-bdf884ac43a6"
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            "sort": "01",
            "title": [
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                    "value": "General view of whole of Horniman Museum object no 8.10.66\/14x"
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    ],
    "ownership": [
        {
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                {
                    "@link": {
                        "date": {
                            "value": "-1966-10-08",
                            "latest": 1966
                        },
                        "role": [
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                                "value": "donor"
                            }
                        ],
                        "attribution": {
                            "date": [
                                {
                                    "earliest": 1966,
                                    "value": "1966-10-08",
                                    "latest": 1966,
                                    "primary": true
                                }
                            ],
                            "attributor": "curator",
                            "source": "accession registers"
                        },
                        "type": "reference"
                    },
                    "summary_title": "Jackson, R",
                    "admin": {
                        "uid": "hmc-agent-4633",
                        "id": "agent-4633",
                        "uuid": "de4164ab-5de9-31fe-acbd-fe9dbac40b58"
                    }
                }
            ],
            "@entity": "lifecycle"
        }
    ],
    "materials": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue materials",
            "value": "brass",
            "primary": true
        }
    ],
    "name": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue name",
            "value": "seal (writing & printing)",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "@reference": {
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                    "role": [
                        {
                            "value": "object name"
                        }
                    ],
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                },
                "summary_title": "seals (writing & printing)",
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            },
            "type": "object name"
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        {
            "type": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)",
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        }
    ],
    "facilities": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "container": "Box14816",
                "date": {
                    "earliest": 2017,
                    "value": "2017-07-26",
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                },
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                "current": "Y",
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                    "location": "HMG - North Greenwich",
                    "level1": "Study Collections Centre",
                    "level3": "bay35",
                    "level2": "3\/0"
                },
                "moved": {
                    "by": "Elsden, Esme"
                },
                "location": "HMG - North Greenwich",
                "level1": "Study Collections Centre",
                "type": "reference",
                "level3": "bay35",
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            },
            "summary_title": "shZR",
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        },
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                }
            ],
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                },
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                "last": {
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                },
                "purpose": "regular storage",
                "moved": {
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                },
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    "publications": [
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                    }
                ],
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                    ],
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                },
                "illustration": "Y",
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            },
            "summary_title": "Ornament and Amulet. Rings of the Islamic Lands. The Nasser D Khalili Collection of Islamic Art",
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}