{ "instructions": [ { "date": [ { "earliest": 2013, "value": "2013-08-15", "latest": 2013, "primary": true } ], "note": "Complete", "author": "Aw, Justine", "type": "CO Core Record QA" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2013, "value": "2013-08-15", "latest": 2013, "primary": true } ], "note": "Core Record", "author": "Aw, Justine", "type": "CO" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Complete", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO Core Record QA" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Complete", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO Extended Record 1 QA" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Extended Record 1", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO" } ], "note": [ { "type": "catalogue note", "value": "H100 W129 D150mm\n\nOLD DESCRIPTION FROM THE USE FIELD: These brass weights, often referred to as gold weights, were used by the Ashanti to measure gold dust, which was their currency.\n\nOLD DESCRIPTION FROM THE MANUFACTURE FIELD: The lost wax method was used to cast a gold weight.\n\nRELATED OBJECTS: HOB - Ashanti Stool 26 a\nHOB Kente Cloth and Adinkra Cloth in Costumes module.\n\nMORE BOOKS: Symbols of Africa \u2013 Heike Owusu. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0 8069 2871 9" } ], "loan": { "value": "Y" }, "projects": [ "CollectionsOnline01" ], "subject": [ { "summary": { "title": "The headless fish story" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "learning subject" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-292", "id": "subject-292", "uuid": "6947f5fd-2b78-37c4-a672-320aa247b285" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "description": [ { "type": "catalogue description", "value": "Two brass figures playing mancula (board game).", "primary": true }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "description (online)", "value": "Ashanti gold weight in the form of two brass figures playing mancula (a board game)." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "commentary (online)", "value": "Hundreds of thousands of brass 'gold' weights have survived and this is thought to be due to the fact that there were so many in use. A full set of weights consisted of about 40 different sizes. Every trader needed to own a set of weights but no set was identical. Each owner chose his own motifs and a chief's set would contain more of the heavier weights and also be of the highest workmanship. There is an Ashanti proverb which says 'The weights of a chief are not those of the common man.' Although it has its origin in the use of gold weights, today it means that the chief carries more responsibilities than the commoner. \n\nThe subjects and motifs of the brass weights often reflect well proverbs or stories. One of the more common is that of the 'sankofa' bird. This long necked bird, with its head turned behind and resting on its back, reminds people that much can be learned from past events. This is also one of the well known Adinkra symbols used to decorate many Ashanti items. Another common motif for these weights is the headless fish, a warning of the problems caused in society by favouring one person over another (see connected stories). \n\nThe British colonial administration outlawed the use of gold dust in trade in 1894 and the use of these brass weights in 1896." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "manufacture basic (online)", "value": "It is believed that Ashanti goldsmiths were also responsible for making sets of brass 'gold' weights. The brass weights are made using the 'lost wax' process which is sometimes also known as the 'cire perdu' process. \n\nThis is a method of casting using a mould to make an object. Although this is an ancient process, it is still practised today. A wax model is covered in clay which is then fired in a kiln. During firing, the wax melts, leaving a clay mould which is later filled with molten metal." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "manufacture more (online)", "value": "To make the mould, the craftsman first makes the basic shape of the figure in soft clay. When this is dry, he uses softened wax on top of it to build up the details. He uses wooden tools to sculpt the finer details.\nThe wax is left to harden before the whole figure is covered in a final layer of soft clay, but leaving a hole through which the melted wax can be removed. The clay is then tied with wire before being left to harden. \nWhen the mould has dried out it, is fired in a simple charcoal kiln to melt the wax inside. The melted wax is then poured out through the hole, leaving a completed mould ready for use. Molten brass is poured into the clay mould and left to cool down and solidify, which can take as long as a week. Finally the clay mould is broken to reveal the metal figure.\nThe casting is cleaned to remove all traces of clay and is polished." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Patel, India" }, "type": "description", "value": "Two brass figures playing mancula (board game)." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "The Ashanti used brass weights like this to weigh their gold." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "How is it used? \nBrass weights like this were used, as counter weights on a pair of balance scales, to weigh gold dust to pay for goods.The weights were in the form of everyday objects: people, animals or geometric shapes. These seated men are playing an African game called Mancala. \n\nWho is it used by and why them? \nThe Ashanti are Akan people, from the Kumasi region of Ghana, who had a lot of gold. Although some was used to make decorative objects such as jewellery, gold dust was used as currency for trade. These brass weights were used to weigh the gold dust and every trader would have to own a pair of scales and a set of brass weights. This method was already in use in the 15th century when the Portuguese arrived and began trading with the Ashanti." }, { "type": "use", "value": "The Ashanti used brass weights like this to weigh their gold. How is it used? Brass weights like this were used, as counter weights on a pair of balance scales, to weigh gold dust to pay for goods. The weights were in the form of everyday objects, people, animals or geometric shapes. These seated men are playing an African game called Mancala. Who is it used by and why them? The Ashanti are Akan people, from the Kumasi region of Ghana, who had a lot of gold. Although some was used to make decorative objects such as jewellery, gold dust was used as currency for trade. These brass weights were used to weigh the gold dust and every trader would have to own a pair of scales and a set of brass weights. This method was already in use in the 15th century when the Portuguese arrived and began trading with the Ashanti. Hundreds of thousands of gold weights made of brass have survived and this is thought to be due to the fact that there were so many in use. A full set of weights consisted of about forty different sizes. Every trader needed to own a set of weights but no set was identical. Each owner chose his own motifs and a chief\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s set would contain more of the heavier weights and also be of the highest workmanship. There is an Ashanti proverb which says \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcThe weights of a chief are not those of the common man'. Although it has its origin in the use of gold weights, today it means that the chief carries more responsibilities than the commoner. The subjects and motifs of the brass weights often reflect well proverbs or stories. One of the more common is that of the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcsankofa\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 bird. This long necked bird, with its head turned behind and resting on its back, reminds people that much can be learned from past events. This is also one of the well known Adinkra symbols used to decorate many Ashanti items. Another common motif for these weights is the headless fish, a warning of the problems caused in society by favouring one person over another (see connected stories). The British colonial administration outlawed the use of gold dust in trade in 1894 and the use of these brass weights in 1896." }, { "attribution": { "date": [ { "earliest": 2021, "value": "2021-08-11", "latest": 2021, "primary": true } ], "attributor": "Palmer, Isaac", "certainty": "probably" }, "type": "description; community comment", "value": "Mancala is still very widely played across Africa, with many different names and variations. On an outreach visit to Deptford Lounge, two women from the Delta region of Nigeria said that people from their community dig holes in the ground and use pebbles as makeshift balls if they cannot afford to buy a board. playing mancula (board game).\nMancala is still very widely played across Africa, with many different names and variations. On an outreach visit to Deptford Lounge, two women from the Delta region of Nigeria said that people from their community dig holes in the ground and use pebbles as makeshift balls if they cannot afford to buy a board." } ], "language": [ "eng" ], "type": { "sub_type": [ "general" ], "scope": "WHOLE", "base": "object" }, "legal": { "status": "handling collection" }, "options": { "item_count": "1", "option5": "Play: toys, games and dolls", "use": "Mancala is still very widely played across Africa, with many different names and variations. On an outreach visit to Deptford Lounge, two women from the Delta region of Nigeria said that people from their community dig holes in the ground and use pebbles as makeshift balls if they cannot afford to buy a board.\nThis statuette is a brass weight and would have been used to balance scales, to weigh gold dust to pay for goods. Weights could be in the form of everyday objects, people, animals, or just shapes.", "flag4": "N", "option6": "Cole, H.M & .Ross, D.H. 'The Arts of Ghana' Horniman Library 6(667)COL.; \nCole, H.M & .Ross, D.H. 'The Akans of Ghana' Horniman Library 308(667)KYE.; \nGlover, A. 'Adinkra Symbolism' Horniman Lib 5PA 677.8(677)GLO.; \nhttp:\/\/www.marshall.edu\/akanart\/akanartintro2.html; \nhttp:\/\/rubens.anu.edu.au\/htdocs\/surveys\/african\/ashanti\/history.html", "flag3": "N", "system_count": "0", "flag2": "N", "option4": "CollectionsOnline01", "flag1": "Y", "option1": "Every society needs an agreed standardised way of trading and before manillas were used in Ancient Benin, they used cowrie sea shells as currency. In the UK, our currency is still the British Pound and this has its origin in the weight of coins used in the past. One British Pound was the value of a pound in weight of silver. \n\nDo you know the history of the currency in the country where you live?", "option2": "It is believed that Ashanti goldsmiths were also responsible for making sets of brass gold weights. The brass weights were made using the \u2018Lost Wax \u2018 process, sometimes also known as the \u2018Cire Perdu\u2019 process. This is a method of casting using a mould to make an object. Although this is an ancient process it is still practised today. A wax model is covered in clay which is then fired in a kiln. During firing the wax melts leaving a clay mould which is later filled with molten metal. To make the mould, the craftsman first makes the basic shape of the figure in soft clay. When this is dry he uses softened wax on top of it to build up the details. He uses wooden tools to sculpt the finer details. The wax is left to harden before the whole figure is covered in a final layer of soft clay but leaving a hole through which the melted wax can be removed. The clay is then tied with wire before being left to harden. When the mould has dried out it is fired in a simple charcoal kiln to melt the wax inside. The melted wax is then poured out through the hole leaving a completed mould ready for use. Molten brass is poured into the clay mould and left to cool down and solidify, which can take as long as a week. Finally the clay mould is broken to reveal the metal figure. The casting is cleaned to remove all traces of clay and polished." }, "appraisal": [ { "source": "catalogue", "@entity": "lifecycle" } ], "term": [ { "summary": { "title": "Asante" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "maker or user" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section", "type": "maker or user" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-500506", "id": "term-500506", "uuid": "7e7f2b7a-a57a-30cb-a34d-0cb94a212b6a" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "gold weights" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-501760", "id": "term-501760", "uuid": "5a71be48-f601-316f-a34f-ac97b0386149" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "gold weights" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "object name" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-501760", "id": "term-501760", "uuid": "5a71be48-f601-316f-a34f-ac97b0386149" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Asante" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "maker or user" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-500506", "id": "term-500506", "uuid": "7e7f2b7a-a57a-30cb-a34d-0cb94a212b6a" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "brass" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Collections Conservation And Care Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015534", "id": "term-1015534", "uuid": "4078f338-da72-3fa9-a92c-69f5edb35e7b" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "shell" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "classified as" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1016308", "id": "term-1016308", "uuid": "d70dcb44-62ad-3e14-b299-ecce51efdadb" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "physical": [ { "note": "Collections Conservation And Care Section.", "component": "overall", "term": "brass", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "brass" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015534", "id": "term-1015534", "uuid": "4078f338-da72-3fa9-a92c-69f5edb35e7b" }, "sort": 1, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" } ], "creation": { "place": [ { "summary": { "title": "Ghana" }, "@link": { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-194", "id": "place-194", "uuid": "28157f18-e079-3f6e-b7fb-0b95bdbab621" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Ghana, West Africa; Africa" }, "@link": { "source": "catalogue" }, "name": [ { "value": "Ghana, West Africa; Africa" } ], "@entity": "literal" }, { "summary": { "title": "Nigeria" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-258", "id": "place-258", "uuid": "c5d2f3bb-7c31-3d01-98dd-686ff947a86e" }, "historical": true, "@entity": "reference" } ] }, "measurements": { "display": "overall: 100 mm x 129 mm x 150 mm", "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "count": "1", "dimensions": [ { "type": "catalogue dimensions", "value": "overall: 100 mm x 129 mm x 150 mm", "primary": true }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "depth", "value": "5 7\/8" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "depth", "value": "150" }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "height", "value": "3 15\/16" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "height", "value": "100" }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "width", "value": "5 1\/16" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "width", "value": "129" } ] }, "summary": { "title": "gold weight" }, "identifier": [ { "accession_number": "HC.1999.1273", "type": "accession number", "value": "HC.1999.1273", "primary": true }, { "note": [ { "value": "HC.1999.1273 WAS CHANGED BY Rachel Perkins ON 1999-08-18" } ], "source": "Acquisitions", "type": "entry number", "value": "E516.13" }, { "note": [ { "value": "allocated by Mr.Rothschild, list with Entry Form." } ], "value": "14" } ], "collection": "Anthropology", "condition": [ { "date": { 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