{ "instructions": [ { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999-08-31", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": "IROONEY", "instruction": "amber", "type": "HANDLING STATUS" } ], "note": [ { "type": "catalogue note", "value": "Brought from Museum shop.\nManufacture continued: \nGourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised, burnt, painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.\nHalf gourds (calabashes) like this come in lots of different sizes. Gourds of this size are mostly used as bowls for food and liquid. Larger sized gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats. \nSince hollow gourds are natural resonators they are often made into musical instruments.\nUnopened dry gourds are natural rattles as the seeds move around inside but by cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Often the outside of a gourd is covered with a net to which seeds, beads, shells etc have been added, to give additional sounds. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds." } ], "loan": { "value": "N" }, "subject": [ { "summary": { "title": "Music" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "learning subject" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-46", "id": "subject-46", "uuid": "8e751554-9990-3f09-a696-01b6fc7ff25f" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "The calabash children" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "learning subject" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-294", "id": "subject-294", "uuid": "76c9488e-20dd-3e65-ab27-868ea84b42a7" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "description": [ { "type": "catalogue description", "value": "Gita Gourd Drum. Made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells.", "primary": true }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Shaker made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells. Bought from Museum Shop in 1989.\n\n{RELATEDOBJS: Music Gallery \u2013 Various gourd instruments, shakers and resonators.}\n\nManufacture continued: \nGourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised, burnt, painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.\nHalf gourds (calabashes) like this come in lots of different sizes. Gourds of this size are mostly used as bowls for food and liquid. Larger sized gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats. \nSince hollow gourds are natural resonators they are often made into musical instruments.\nUnopened dry gourds are natural rattles as the seeds move around inside but by cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Often the outside of a gourd is covered with a net to which seeds, beads, shells etc have been added, to give additional sounds. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds." }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Shaker made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells. Bought from Museum Shop in 1989." }, { "type": "manufacture basic (online)", "value": "Made from half a gourd (calabash) with bound leather edging. Two rows of cowrie shells are attached around the rim by strips of leather." }, { "type": "manufacture more (online)", "value": "Gourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry, it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use.\n\nThe soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised, burnt, painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.\n\nSince hollow gourds are natural resonators they are often made into musical instruments.\n\nUnopened dry gourds are natural rattles as the seeds move around inside. However by cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will be heard. By adding more stones or seeds, the sound will change. Often the outside of a gourd is covered with a net to which seeds, beads, shells and other things have been added to give additional sounds. \n\nStretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments: the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds.\n\nHalf gourds (calabashes) like this come in lots of different sizes. Gourds of this size are mostly used as bowls for food and liquid. Larger sized gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half, like this example, a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water or to store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. \n\nThey also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats." }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Shaker made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells. Bought from Museum Shop in 1989.\n{RELATEDOBJS: Music Gallery \u2013 Various gourd instruments, shakers and resonators.}\n{MANUFACTURE\/LIFECYCLEMOREwillnotfitover2000maxchars: Gourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised, burnt, painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.\nHalf gourds (calabashes) like this come in lots of different sizes. Gourds of this size are mostly used as bowls for food and liquid. Larger sized gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats. \nSince hollow gourds are natural resonators they are often made into musical instruments.\nUnopened dry gourds are natural rattles as the seeds move around inside but by cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Often the outside of a gourd is covered with a net to which seeds, beads, shells etc have been added, to give additional sounds. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds.}\n{WHYtoLATIN\/LOCALCHILDFIELDisover500maxchars: A common word for a gourd in Africa is a calabash, taken from the Spanish word for gourd 'Calabaza'. Calabaza itself comes from the Arabic word for a dry (hard-shell) gourd, 'quar\u00d4ah y\u00e4bisah'.\nIn 1914 E. M. von Hornbostel and C. Sachs developed a way of grouping musical instruments together to make them easier to study. This system of classification had four main groups; idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, and aerophones and for the first time included instruments from all around the world in one system.\nLike all idiophones, gourd rattles make their own sound from the vibrations of the material the instrument is made from without use of reeds, strings, etc. In this case the materials knocking together, being 'concussed' make the sound.}" }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Shaker made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells. Bought from Museum Shop in 1989.\n\nWEBSITES\/NOTES: http:\/\/www.masabo.com\/blurb_for_instruments.html info on West African instruments\nhttp:\/\/www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu\/courses\/fall\/2006\/25\/musicanalysis.doc The Hornbostel-Sachs Classification System\nwww.twincreek.com For gourd information.\n\n{RELATEDOBJS: Music Gallery \u2013 Various gourd instruments, shakers and resonators.}\n\nManufacture continued: \nGourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised, burnt, painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.\nHalf gourds (calabashes) like this come in lots of different sizes. Gourds of this size are mostly used as bowls for food and liquid. Larger sized gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats. \nSince hollow gourds are natural resonators they are often made into musical instruments.\nUnopened dry gourds are natural rattles as the seeds move around inside but by cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Often the outside of a gourd is covered with a net to which seeds, beads, shells etc have been added, to give additional sounds. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Maycock, Lucy" }, "type": "description", "value": "Gita Gourd Drum. Made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells. Bought from Museum Shop in 1989.\n\nWEBSITES\/NOTES: http:\/\/www.masabo.com\/blurb_for_instruments.html info on West African instruments\nhttp:\/\/www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu\/courses\/fall\/2006\/25\/musicanalysis.doc The Hornbostel-Sachs Classification System\nwww.twincreek.com For gourd information.\n\n{RELATEDOBJS: Music Gallery - Various gourd instruments, shakers and resonators.}\n\nManufacture continued: \nGourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised, burnt, painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.\nHalf gourds (calabashes) like this come in lots of different sizes. Gourds of this size are mostly used as bowls for food and liquid. Larger sized gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats. \nSince hollow gourds are natural resonators they are often made into musical instruments.\nUnopened dry gourds are natural rattles as the seeds move around inside but by cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Often the outside of a gourd is covered with a net to which seeds, beads, shells etc have been added, to give additional sounds. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "It is often twisted from side to side or it can be held by the rim in one hand and shaken in the air so that the shells tap against the side of the gourd." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "The hard-shell gourd, being hollow, serves as a natural echo chamber. A dry unopened gourd, with its seeds still inside, will rattle when shaken. This instrument is made from half a gourd without seeds but by adding beads, seeds, shells or pebbles to the outside a variety of different tones can be made. The sound made depends on how the gourd is shaken. It can also be hit with a stick beater or the palm of the hand like a drum. Sometimes they are thrown into the air so that the shells clack against the sides when it is caught. \n \nGourd rattles are in widespread use in West Africa and played by musicians, usually male, as the percussion part of a small orchestra of local instruments. However, this gourd bowl rattle is usually played by women and accompanied by singing. Instruments which might be played with rattles in West Africa are the balafon (wooden xylophone), talking drum (double headed waisted drum), ngoni (five or seven stringed plucked lute), and kora (21 string plucked lute)." }, { "type": "use", "value": "It is often twisted from side to side or it can be held by the rim in one hand and shaken in the air so that the shells tap against the side of the gourd. \nThe hard-shell gourd, being hollow, serves as a natural echo chamber. A dry unopened gourd, with its seeds still inside, will rattle when shaken. This instrument is made from half a gourd without seeds but by adding beads, seeds, shells or pebbles to the outside a variety of different tones can be made. The sound made depends on how the gourd is shaken. It can also be hit with a stick beater or the palm of the hand like a drum. Sometimes they are thrown into the air so that the shells clack against the sides when it is caught. \n \n \n \nGourd rattles are in widespread use in West Africa and played by musicians, usually male, as the percussion part of a small orchestra of local instruments. This gourd bowl rattle is usually played by women however and accompanied by singing. Instruments which might be played with rattles in West Africa are the Balafon (wooden xylophone), Talking Drum (double headed waisted drum), Ngoni (5 or 7 stringed plucked lute), Kora (21 string plucked lute)." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Patel, India" }, "type": "description", "value": "Gita Gourd Drum. Made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells.\nhttp:\/\/www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu\/courses\/fall\/2006\/25\/musicanalysis.doc The Hornbostel-Sachs Classification System\nwww.twincreek.com For gourd information.\n\n{RELATEDOBJS: Music Gallery - Various gourd instruments, shakers and resonators.}\n\nManufacture continued: \nGourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised, burnt, painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.\nHalf gourds (calabashes) like this come in lots of different sizes. Gourds of this size are mostly used as bowls for food and liquid. Larger sized gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats. \nSince hollow gourds are natural resonators they are often made into musical instruments.\nUnopened dry gourds are natural rattles as the seeds move around inside but by cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Often the outside of a gourd is covered with a net to which seeds, beads, shells etc have been added, to give additional sounds. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Patel, India" }, "type": "description", "value": "Gita Gourd Drum. Made from half a gourd with bound leather edging and cowrie shells." } ], "language": [ "eng" ], "title": [ { "type": "catalogue title", "value": "calabash, concussion idiophone", "primary": true }, { "type": "classified as" }, { "type": "display title", "value": "calabash, concussion idiophone" }, { "type": "more (online)", "value": "A common word for a gourd in Africa is a calabash, taken from the Spanish word for gourd, 'calabaza'. Calabaza itself comes from the Arabic word for a dry (hard-shell) gourd, 'quar\u00d4ah y\u00e4bisah'. Like all idiophones, gourd rattles make their own sound from the vibrations of the material the instrument is made from without the use of reeds, strings and so on. In this case the materials knocking together, being 'concussed', make the sound." } ], "type": { "sub_type": [ "general" ], "scope": "WHOLE", "base": "object" }, "legal": { "status": "handling collection" }, "options": { "item_count": "1", "option7": "Musical Instruments", "option5": "Musical instruments: shaking; Plants", "use": "The hard-shell gourd, being hollow, serves as a natural echo chamber. A dry unopened gourd, with its seeds still inside, will rattle when shaken. This instrument is made from half a gourd without seeds but by adding beads, seeds, shells or pebbles to the outside a variety of different tones can be made. The sound made depends on how the gourd is shaken. It can also be hit with a stick beater or the palm of the hand like a drum. Sometimes they are thrown into the air so that the shells clack against the sides when it is caught. \n \nGourd rattles are in widespread use in West Africa and played by musicians, usually male, as the percussion part of a small orchestra of local instruments. However, this gourd bowl rattle is usually played by women and accompanied by singing. Instruments which might be played with rattles in West Africa are the balafon (wooden xylophone), talking drum (double headed waisted drum), ngoni (five or seven stringed plucked lute), and kora (21 string plucked lute).\nDifferent groups of people have different names for the instrument e.g. likembe, mbira, zeze, ekende, sanza , kankobele and many more. The mbira consists of a series of metal or split cane strips (tongues) fitted to a piece of wood or a box. On some the pitch of the tongue is determined by its length, which can be altered by sliding the tongue under the lateral bar. \nThe number of tongues varies between 5 and 30. Mbiras with metal tongues often have pieces of wire around the tongues to produce a buzz. Nowadays beer bottle tops are used for vibration. The mbira is often placed over a small calabash or inside a large calabash: this increases the volume.", "flag4": "N", "option6": "Bebey, F. 'African Music: A People's Art' ISBN 978-1556521287.; \nDagan, E.A ' The African Calabash' 1995 ISBN 0969308116.; \nPeterson, D. M. ' The Decorated Gourd' Lark Books, Sterling Publishing Co.; \nhttp:\/\/www.masabo.com\/blurb_for_instruments.html; \nhttp:\/\/www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu\/courses\/fall\/2006\/25\/musicanalysis.doc; \nhttp:\/\/www.twincreek.com", "flag3": "N", "flag2": "N", "flag1": "N", "system_count": "0", "option1": "In different cultures worldwide, people use natural instruments. An animal horn or a sea shell with a hole made in the end becomes a trumpet. A branch of a tree hollowed out by termites becomes a didjeridu in Australia. \n\nHow are instruments made where you live? Are many of them still made from natural materials?", "option2": "Made from half a gourd (calabash) with bound leather edging. Two rows of cowrie shells have been attached around the rim by strips of leather.", "option10": "Schools: World Music; ComEd: Hands on Music; Schools: Musical Instruments from Around the World" }, "appraisal": [ { "source": "catalogue", "@entity": "lifecycle" } ], "term": [ { "summary": { "title": "West African Peoples" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "maker or user" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-500248", "id": "term-500248", "uuid": "a5db039e-53e6-346c-be52-99a45776a8d5" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "rattles" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "object name (AAT)" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1017019", "id": "term-1017019", "uuid": "cbb2af7d-8813-3874-a626-d7d6dcaa053e" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "shell" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "classified as" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1016308", "id": "term-1016308", "uuid": "d70dcb44-62ad-3e14-b299-ecce51efdadb" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "physical": [ { "note": "Rooney, Imogen 1999-08-31", "component": "overall", "term": "complete", "descriptor": "completeness", "@reference": { "@entity": "literal" }, "type": "completeness" }, { "component": "overall", "term": "leather", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "leather" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015475", "id": "term-1015475", "uuid": "40413197-a5fe-3d61-b373-e7a6b71bbb02" }, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" }, { "component": "overall", "term": "shell", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "shell" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1016308", "id": "term-1016308", "uuid": "d70dcb44-62ad-3e14-b299-ecce51efdadb" }, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" }, { "component": "overall", "term": "gourd", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "gourd" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015518", "id": "term-1015518", "uuid": "7b34f6c3-1130-395f-86ba-4cede46d2e4c" }, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" } ], "creation": { "place": [ { "summary": { "title": "West Africa" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-120", "id": "place-120", "uuid": "fed65001-3da0-3682-a19f-ec4da091cad8" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "West Africa" }, "@link": { "source": "catalogue" }, "name": [ { "value": "West Africa" } ], "@entity": "literal" } ], "@entity": "lifecycle" }, "measurements": { "display": "overall: 144 x 250 mm", "count": "1", "dimensions": [ { "type": "catalogue dimensions", "value": "overall: 144 x 250 mm", "primary": true }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "diameter", "value": "9 13\/16" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "diameter", "value": "250" }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "height", "value": "5 11\/16" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "height", "value": "144" } ] }, "summary": { "title": "bowl rattle" }, "identifier": [ { "accession_number": "HC.1999.1601", "type": "accession number", "value": "HC.1999.1601", "primary": true } ], "collection": "Musical Instruments", "condition": [ { "date": { "earliest": 2020, "value": "2020-01-03", "latest": 2020 }, "examiner": "Turk, Juliet; 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