{
    "summary": {
        "title": "frame drum and beater"
    },
    "identifier": [
        {
            "accession_number": "HC.1999.1626",
            "type": "accession number",
            "value": "HC.1999.1626",
            "primary": true
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    ],
    "loan": {
        "value": "N"
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    "subject": [
        {
            "summary": {
                "title": "Music"
            },
            "@link": {
                "role": [
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                        "value": "related subject"
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                ],
                "attribution": {
                    "attributor": "Learning Section"
                }
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        {
            "summary": {
                "title": "The leprechaun"
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    "description": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue description",
            "value": "Irish frame drum and beater. \n{PLACE: Conamara, Ireland}",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "type": "description",
            "value": "Irish frame drum and beater. \n{PLACE: Conamara, Ireland}"
        },
        {
            "type": "manufacture basic (online)",
            "value": "The drumhead is made from a goat's skin which has been scraped, cleaned and cured with chemicals. This changes it into leather. The drumhead is cut into a circle and stretched across the wooden frame where it it secured with glue and nails.\n\nThis drum was made by Malachy Kearns from Conamara in western Ireland."
        },
        {
            "historical": true,
            "type": "use",
            "value": "It is played seated with the drum held vertically, resting on the thigh. It can be played either by striking skin with the hand or with a wooden beater, called a tipper."
        },
        {
            "historical": true,
            "type": "use",
            "value": "The drum is held vertically in the hand, either by the wooden crossbar or with the flat palm pressed against the inside of the drum skin. It is best to sit and rest the bottom of the frame on the thigh.   \n \nThe bodhr\u00c3\u00a0n is played with a double-headed lathe turned beater called a tipper, or a cipin, or a bone. It is thought to have originated from double headed knuckle bone. There are various playing styles named after regions in Ireland. The most common playing style is the 'Kerry' style which uses both ends of the tipper. The tipper should be held in the middle, like a pencil, and the playing hand should be tilted back and forth so that alternate ends of the tipper strike the skin. The 'West Limerick' style uses only one end of the tipper. \n \nWith the hand pressed against the inside of the drum skin, you can vary the tension and, therefore, the pitch of the skin. The two main rhythms are 4\/4 reels and 6\/8 jigs."
        },
        {
            "historical": true,
            "type": "use",
            "value": "It is a traditional Irish drum said by some to have originated as a tray for carrying peat. It was used by the Irish forces as a war drum in the Irish Rebellion of 1603 to beat time for the pipers and marching soldiers. Its origin may, therefore, be as a war drum. It was also used in festival processions particularly the festival of St. Stephen. It began to be used in dance music in the 1950s. It can be used in an Irish (and sometimes Scottish) band to emphasize the rhythm of the jigs and reels. Similar frame drums are in wide spread use, particularly in North Africa."
        },
        {
            "type": "use",
            "value": "It is played seated with the drum held vertically, resting on the thigh. It can be played either by striking skin with the hand or with a wooden beater, called a tipper. \nThe drum is held vertically in the hand, either by the wooden crossbar or with the flat palm pressed against the inside of the drum skin. It is best to sit and rest the bottom of the frame on your thigh.   \nThe bodhr\u00c3\u00a0n is played with a double-headed lathe turned beater called a tipper, or a cipin, or a bone. It is thought to have originated from double headed knuckle bone. There are various playing styles named after regions in Ireland. The most common playing style is the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcKerry\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 style which uses both ends of the tipper. Hold the tipper in the middle, like a pencil and tilt your hand back and forth so that alternate ends of the tipper strike the skin. The \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcWest Limerick\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 style uses only one end of the tipper. \nWith the hand pressed against the inside of the drum skin you can vary the tension and therefore the pitch of the skin. The two main rhythms are the 4\/4 reels and the 6\/8 jigs. \nIt is a traditional Irish drum said by some to have originated as a tray for carrying peat. It was used by the Irish forces as a war drum in the Irish Rebellion of 1603 to beat time for the pipers and marching soldiers. Its origin may therefore be as a war drum. It was also used in festival processions particularly the festival of St. Stephen (December 26th?). It began to be used in dance music in the 1950s. It can be used in an Irish (and sometimes Scottish) band to emphasize the rhythm of the jigs and reels. Similar frame drums are in wide spread use, particularly in North Africa."
        }
    ],
    "language": [
        "eng"
    ],
    "collection": "Musical Instruments",
    "title": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue title",
            "value": "bodhr\u00e1n",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "type": "classified as"
        },
        {
            "type": "more (online)",
            "value": "Bodhr\u00e1n is its name in the Gaelic language of Ireland. In 1914 E. M. von Hornbostel and C. Sachs developed a way of grouping musical instruments together to make them easier to study. This system of classification had four main groups; idiophones, membranophones, chordophones, and aerophones. It is classed as a membranophone because it produces sound by the vbration of a stretched membrane, in this case a goat skin on a wooden frame."
        },
        {
            "type": "display title",
            "value": "bodhr\u00e1n"
        }
    ],
    "type": {
        "sub_type": [
            "general"
        ],
        "scope": "TOP",
        "base": "object"
    },
    "arrangement": {
        "other_finding_aids": "HMG - Forest Hill; Horniman Museum; Hands on Base; Right Hand Archive; Bay 5; Shelf B; Box 1"
    },
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    "material": [
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            "value": "wood, goat skin, metal",
            "primary": true
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    ],
    "culture": [
        {
            "@link": {
                "source": "catalogue"
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            "name": [
                {
                    "type": "catalogue culture",
                    "value": "Irish"
                }
            ],
            "@entity": "literal"
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        {
            "summary": {
                "title": "Irish (West European)"
            },
            "@link": {
                "variation": 0
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            "@admin": {
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                "id": "term-500671",
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        {
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    "legal": {
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            "value": "frame drum and beater",
            "primary": true
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        {
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        {
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        {
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                "summary": {
                    "title": "frame drums"
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            "type": "object name (AAT)"
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                "summary": {
                    "title": "drumsticks"
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                    "variation": 135180
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            "type": "object name (AAT)"
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        {
            "type": "object name (local)",
            "value": "bodhran and beater"
        },
        {
            "type": "object name (AAT)",
            "value": "frame drum"
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        {
            "type": "object name (AAT)",
            "value": "drumstick"
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        {
            "type": "object name",
            "value": "frame drum and beater"
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    ],
    "options": {
        "option7": "Musical Instruments",
        "option5": "Musical instruments: drums",
        "use": "This drum is played seated with the drum held vertically, resting on the thigh. It can be played either by striking skin with the hand or with a wooden beater, called a tipper. \nThe drum is held vertically in the hand, either by the wooden crossbar or with the flat palm pressed against the inside of the drum skin. It is best to sit and rest the bottom of the frame on your thigh.  \nThe bodhr\u00e0n is played with a double-headed lathe turned beater called a tipper, or a cipin, or a bone. It is thought to have originated from double headed knuckle bone. There are various playing styles named after regions in Ireland. The most common playing style is the \u2018Kerry\u2019 style which uses both ends of the tipper. Hold the tipper in the middle, like a pencil and tilt your hand back and forth so that alternate ends of the tipper strike the skin. The \u2018West Limerick\u2019 style uses only one end of the tipper.\nWith the hand pressed against the inside of the drum skin you can vary the tension and therefore the pitch of the skin. The two main rhythms are the 4\/4 reels and the 6\/8 jigs.\nIt is a traditional Irish drum said by some to have originated as a tray for carrying peat. It was used by the Irish forces as a war drum in the Irish Rebellion of 1603 to beat time for the pipers and marching soldiers. Its origin may therefore be as a war drum. It was also used in festival processions particularly the festival of St. Stephen (December 26th?). It began to be used in dance music in the 1950s. It can be used in an Irish (and sometimes Scottish) band to emphasize the rhythm of the jigs and reels. Similar frame drums are in wide spread use, particularly in North Africa.",
        "flag4": "N",
        "option6": "Hannigan, H. 'The Bodhran Book'  ISBN 0946005400.; \nVallely , F. & Piggott , C. 'Blooming Meadows: World of Irish Traditional Musicians' ISBN 978-1860590672.; \nhttp:\/\/www.ceolas.org\/instruments\/bodhran\/history.shtml; \nhttp:\/\/www.framedrums.de\/index2.html?\/lessons\/darbuka\/index.html",
        "flag3": "N",
        "system_count": "2",
        "flag2": "N",
        "flag1": "N",
        "option1": "Irish music and, therefore, the bodhr\u00e1n has become popular in many countries outside of Ireland. It is performed by amateur musicians in small gatherings such as in public houses (pubs) as well as by professional musicians in concert halls. Some professional musicians think that this popularity with amateur players has simplified the music and made it less authentic. \n\nDo you think that music is a bit like language in the way that it can be changed by the people who use it? Does it matter if it changes? What is happening to traditional music where you live? Is it the same as it was 50 or 100 years ago?",
        "option2": "The drumhead is made from a goat\u2019s skin which has been scraped, cleaned and \u2018cured\u2019 with chemicals. This changes it into leather. The drumhead is cut into a circle and stretched across the wooden frame where it it secured with glue and nails.\nThis drum was made by Malachy Kearns from Conamara in western Ireland."
    },
    "appraisal": [
        {
            "source": "catalogue",
            "@entity": "lifecycle"
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    "category": [
        {
            "type": "category1",
            "value": "Education Handling Collection: Musical Instruments"
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    ],
    "facility": [
        {
            "summary": {
                "title": "see part records"
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            "@link": {
                "date": {
                    "earliest": 2013,
                    "value": "2013-09-09",
                    "latest": 2013
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                "current": "Y",
                "last": {
                    "location": "Horniman Museum. Music Gallery. Performance space",
                    "level1": "Music Trolley",
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                },
                "purpose": "Regular storage",
                "moved": {
                    "by": "Hinton, Abigail"
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                    "latest": 1
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                "current": "N",
                "role": [
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                "location": "HMG - Forest Hill",
                "level1": "Horniman Museum",
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                    "level1": "FH",
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}