{ "instructions": [ { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999-09-22", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": "FCOPE", "instruction": "amber", "type": "HANDLING STATUS" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999-10-22", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": "FCOPE", "instruction": "amber", "type": "HANDLING STATUS" } ], "note": [ { "type": "catalogue note", "value": "Previously numbered HC.1999.1682" } ], "loan": { "value": "N" }, "subject": [ { "summary": { "title": "Natural History" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-48", "id": "subject-48", "uuid": "df2254fe-548e-3965-8257-39e50a7c5eb6" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "description": [ { "type": "catalogue description", "value": "Skeletal specimen of a frog in a case.", "primary": true }, { "type": "description", "value": "Skeletal specimen of a frog in a case. Previously numbered HC.1999.1682\n\n{PLACE: The Common frog is one of the most widespread and common species of frog in Europe. They are native to Britain and have been introduced to Ireland, where their distribution is patchy. }\n\n{RELATEDOBJS: Live frogs in the aquarium and in the pond on the nature trail}" }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Skeletal specimen of a frog in a case. Previously numbered HC.1999.1682" }, { "type": "food basic (online)", "value": "Common frogs eat every appropriately-sized invertebrate that moves which includes slugs, snails, worms and insects. When they are tadpoles, they are herbivores eating algae but when they grow up to be adults, they are carnivores." }, { "type": "food more (online)", "value": "While the young feed on both the land and in the water, adults just keep to the land. Frogs have long tongues that are sticky to help them catch their food which they mostly prey upon during the night." }, { "type": "manufacture basic (online)", "value": "The eggs of frogs are laid in the water or around near wet places. Frog spawn is the name for the clumps of eggs. It is as tadpoles that frogs start their lives." }, { "type": "manufacture more (online)", "value": "Frogs reach sexual maturity at about three years. During mating, the male frog clasps the female which stimulates her to lay between 500 and 5000 eggs (500-1000 is average). The male fertilises the eggs as they are shed over the course of ten minutes. Each egg has a protective jelly coating. The eggs form small clumps called frog spawn. \n\nSpawning usually takes place in March. The eggs undergo cleavages and form embryos. The embryos develop a tail bud and subsit on yolk packed in its gut. After a few days, the embryo hatches from its jelly shell as a tadpole and attaches to a weed using a sucker. They feed on algae.\n\nThe light gold speckling of developed common frog tadpoles makes it relatively effortless to tell them apart from the common toad tadpoles which are black. After a few weeks, the tadpoles start changing. Their hind limbs appear first, then the forelimbs emerge, and the internal gills are replaced by lungs. The tail begins to shorten and once the lungs are fully formed, the offspring emerge from the water as juvenile frogs. This development takes about eleven weeks. After maturing for the duration of summer, tadpoles become froglets during the wet months of August and September. Not all of the eggs develop into frogs as huge numbers of them get eaten by predators." }, { "type": "more (online)", "value": "Rana is its genus name and temporaria its species name. It is in a family group with all 'true frogs' called Ranidae. All members of this family have smooth, moist skins and powerful legs with extensively webbed feet. Frogs are vertebrates and part of the amphibian class. Most vertebrates have a tail, but frogs and toads are atypical in that they lack any tail and are, therefore, called Anurans ('tail-less amphibians')." }, { "type": "use", "value": "The common frog moves between water and land and therefore, it has special adaptations to help it survive in both areas. It is green and brown in colour to help it blend in (camouflage) with the habitat. The dark colour also helps the frog absorb heat from the sun. Frogs are ectothermic and can not keep themselves warm so they rely on external heat to keep the body temperature constant. \nWebbed toes help frogs to swim and push through water and also help them navigate fast flowing streams. They have strong legs for swimming and jumping when on land. They also have sticky pads on their feet to help them move on slippery surfaces. \nThe frogs skin is permeable for gas exchange so it can be used to 'breathe' when oxygen demand is low such as when hibernating through the winter in the debris at the bottom of a pond - they will also hibernate in cool moist conditions under logs or other plant debris where it is unlikely to freeze." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "The common frog moves between water and land, and therefore it has special adaptations to help it survive in both areas. It is green and brown in colour to help it blend in (camouflage) with the habitat. The dark colour also helps the frog absorb heat from the sun. Frogs are ectothermic and cannot keep themselves warm so they rely on external heat to keep the body temperature constant." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "Webbed toes help frogs to swim and push through water and also help them navigate fast flowing streams. They have strong legs for swimming and jumping when on land. They also have sticky pads on their feet to help them move on slippery surfaces." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "The frog's skin is permeable for gas exchange. It can be used to 'breathe' when oxygen demand is low, such as when hibernating through the winter in the debris at the bottom of a pond. They will also hibernate in cool moist conditions under logs or other plant debris where it is unlikely to freeze." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Patel, India" }, "type": "description", "value": "Skeletal specimen of a frog in a case." } ], "language": [ "eng" ], "title": [ { "type": "catalogue title", "value": "Anura, common frog, Rana temporaria", "primary": true }, { "type": "display title" }, { "type": "english name" }, { "type": "more (online)", "value": "Rana is its genus name and temporaria its species name. It is in a family group with all 'true frogs' called Ranidae. All members of this family have smooth, moist skins and powerful legs with extensively webbed feet. Frogs are vertebrates and part of the amphibian class. Most vertebrates have a tail, but frogs and toads are atypical in that they lack any tail and are, therefore, called Anurans ('tail-less amphibians')." }, { "attribution": { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "22-Oct-99", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "attributor": "Horniman Education Centre" }, "type": "english name", "value": "frog" }, { "type": "display title", "value": "Anura, common frog, Rana temporaria" } ], "type": { "sub_type": [ "natural history" ], "scope": "WHOLE", "base": "object" }, "legal": { "status": "handling collection" }, "options": { "option7": "Natural History", "option5": "Backboned animals (vertebrates): amphibians", "use": "The common frog moves between water and land and has special adaptations to help it survive in both areas. It is green and brown in colour to help it blend in with its habitat. The dark colour also helps the frog absorb heat from the sun. Frogs are ectothermic and cannot keep themselves warm so they rely on external heat to keep their body temperature consistent. Webbed toes help frogs to swim and also help them navigate fast-flowing streams. Frogs have strong legs for swimming an djumping. They also have sticky pads on their feet to help them move on slippery surfaces. Frog skin is permeable for gas exchange so it can 'breathe' when oxygen demand is low, such as when hibernating in the winter. Frogs hibernate in the debris at the bottom of ponds or in cool moist conditions under logs or other plant debris.", "flag4": "N", "option6": "http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/nature\/wildfacts\/factfiles\/483.shtml; \nhttp:\/\/www.answers.com\/topic\/common-frog; \nhttp:\/\/www.herpconstrust.org.uk\/animals\/common_frog.htm; \nhttp:\/\/www.tooter4kids.com\/Frogs\/life_cycle_of_frogs.htm; \nhttp:\/\/www.rowa.org.au\/biod_frogs.php", "flag3": "N", "system_count": "0", "flag2": "N", "flag1": "Y", "option1": "Ponds are delicate ecosystems which support a huge variety of life. However in the last hundred years, Britain has lost two-thirds of its ponds. Some have disappeared through natural infilling by plants and mud and others have been drained for farmland and housing developments. Ponds may also become polluted by fertilisers and rubbish. This affects frogs as their habitats are destroyed. The disturbance and pollution of their breeding ponds can also affect and threaten their populations. As common frogs can also breathe through their skin as well as with their lungs, fertilisers or heavy metals present in the water (run off from land) can cause them harm, too. While the common frog is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside act of 1981, this species is not listed by the IUCN (The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). However the temptation to transfer the spawn of common frogs to garden ponds must be resisted. There is a risk that in doing so, the fungal disease called Red Leg, which is currently already afflicting this species in the UK, may spread. The frogs, themselves, will very quickly find and use a garden pond of their own accord if the conditions are favourable to them. Fossilised remains have been discovered of a gigantic frog that was big enough to eat small dinosaurs. Can you find out what this gigantic frog has been called and why? What group or family should it be put into?", "option2": "Common frogs eat any moving invertebrates of a suitable size, such as insects, snails, slugs and worms. Tadpoles are herbivorous and eat algae but become carnivores when they mature into adult frogs.\nAdult frogs feed entirely on land, whereas younger frogs will also feed in the water. Frogs mostly catch prey at night, with their long, sticky tongues.\nFrogs lay eggs in water or wet places. The eggs are in clumps called frog spawn. Frogs begin their lives as tadpoles.\nFrogs reach sexual maturity at about 3 years. During mating the male frog clasps the female which stimulates her to lay between 500 and 5000 eggs (500-1000 is average). The male fertilises the eggs as they are shed over the course of ten minutes. Each egg has a protective jelly coating. The eggs form small clumps called frog spawn. Spawning usually takes place in March. The eggs undergo cleavages and form embryos. The embryos develop a tail bud and subsit on yolk packed in its gut. After a few days the embryo hatches from its jelly shell as a tadpole and attaches to weed using a sucker. They feed on algae. Well-grown tadpoles are faintly speckled with gold which distinguishes them easily from the black tadpoles of the Common Toad. After a few weeks the tadpoles begin to change. Their hind limbs appear first then the forelimbs emerge and the internal gills are replaced by lungs. The tail begins to shorten and once the lungs are fully formed the offspring emerge from the water as juvenile frogs. This development takes about 11 weeks. The tadpoles develop throughout the summer and emerge as froglets in wet weather in August or September. Not all the eggs develop into frogs as huge numbers of them get eaten by predators.", "option10": "Schools: Amazon Rainforest: People and Animals; Schools: Animal Classification; Schools: Animals: Pond, River, Sea; Schools: Bones and Teeth; ; Schools: Evidence for Evolution; Schools: Aquatic Adaptations (retired); ComEd: Hands on our Animals (retired)" }, "appraisal": [ { "source": "catalogue", "@entity": "lifecycle" } ], "term": [ { "summary": { "title": "shell" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "classified as" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1016308", "id": "term-1016308", "uuid": "d70dcb44-62ad-3e14-b299-ecce51efdadb" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "physical": [ { "component": "overall", "term": "bone", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "bone" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1016286", "id": "term-1016286", "uuid": "f1aaed8f-ab96-3a44-bd0f-3f9598e0eb77" }, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" }, { "note": "Cope, Fay 1999-10-22", "component": "overall", "term": "complete", "descriptor": "completeness", "@reference": { "@entity": "literal" }, "type": "completeness" } ], "creation": { "place": [ { "summary": { "title": "Europe" }, "@link": { "source": "catalogue" }, "name": [ { "value": "Europe" } ], "@entity": "literal" }, { "summary": { "title": "Europe" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-96", "id": "place-96", "uuid": "09047dc7-c404-3310-bb05-fc999fb0d88e" }, "@entity": "reference" } ] }, "measurements": { "display": "overall: 130 x 130 x 80 mm", "dimensions": [ { "type": "catalogue dimensions", "value": "overall: 130 x 130 x 80 mm", "primary": true }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "depth", "value": "3 1\/8" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "depth", "value": "80" }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "height", "value": "5 1\/8" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "height", "value": "130" }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "width", "value": "5 1\/8" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "width", "value": "130" } ] }, "summary": { "title": "Anura, common frog, Rana temporaria (frog skeleton)" }, "identifier": [ { "accession_number": "HC.1999.1656", "type": "accession number", "value": "HC.1999.1656", "primary": true } ], "collection": "Natural History", "condition": [ { "date": { "earliest": 2020, "value": "2020-01-03", "latest": 2020 }, "examiner": "Chorlton, Lily; 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Common frogs actually spend little time in water, except during the spring breeding season." } ], "@entity": "literal" }, { "value": "The frog\u2019s skin needs to be moist at all times which limits this species to habitats that are close to fresh water or that are damp throughout the summer. Common frogs actually spend little time in water, except during the spring breeding season." }, { "value": "The frog\u2019s skin is smooth and needs to be moist at all times which limits this species to habitats close to fresh water or habitats that are damp throughout the summer. Common frogs actually spend little time in water, except during the spring breeding season." } ], "name": [ { "type": "catalogue name", "value": "frog skeleton", "primary": true }, { "type": "object name" }, { "type": "latin name (Horniman Zoological)" }, { "type": "latin name (Horniman Zoological)", "value": "Anura" }, { "type": "object name", "value": "Frog Skeleton" }, { "type": "object name", "value": "frog skeleton" } ], "location": [ { "type": "home location", "value": "HMG - Forest Hill; Horniman Museum; Hands on Base; Display; Case 21; Shelf b" } ], "category": [ { "type": "category1", "value": "Education Handling Collection: Natural History" } ], "facility": [ { "summary": { "title": "Shelf b" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2024, "value": "2024-01-03", "latest": 2024 }, "duration": "475.79", "level5": "Shelf b", "level4": "Case 21", "current": "Y", "last": { "level5": "Shelf b", "level4": "Case 21", "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "purpose": "annual audit", "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-10295", "id": "facility-10295", "uuid": "d59a2ab4-90d8-30e5-a82c-37be102e2f3f" }, "@entity": "reference", "primary": true }, { "summary": { "title": "HMG - Forest Hill" }, "note": [ { "value": "Data imported from source database without location date." } ], "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 1, "value": "0001", "latest": 1 }, "duration": "730051", "current": "N", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level2": "2\/45" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-548", "id": "facility-548", "uuid": "3b8534e3-4d29-3619-bc5e-1216c54b42dc" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Shelf b" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2007, "value": "2007-02-22", "latest": 2007 }, "duration": "1923", "current": "N", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "last": { "level4": "00022f", "location": "Horniman Museum. 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