{ "instructions": [ { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999-08-06", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": "EOWEN", "instruction": "amber", "type": "HANDLING STATUS" } ], "loan": { "value": "N" }, "subject": [ { "summary": { "title": "Africa" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-25", "id": "subject-25", "uuid": "c8725caa-6d4d-36f1-a65c-df29f5f3cbb4" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "description": [ { "type": "catalogue description", "value": "Cast cire perdu head, probably showing Queen Idia, first Queen Mother (Iyoba).", "primary": true }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "How is it used? \nCommemorative brass\/bronze heads and sculptures were placed on ancestral alters within the Royal Palace as a way to honour the ancestors. Such altars allowed people to communicate with the ancestral spirits, to show them respect, ask for their protection and their intervention to resolve problems. \n \nThis head is a modern copy made, using the traditional method, to sell to tourists. It is believed to show Queen Idia who was the first Queen Mother (Iyoba). Idia was the mother of Esigie, the Oba (King) of Benin who ruled from 1504 to 1550. He won many important victories, both on and off the battlefield, with the help of his mother Idia due to her astute political advice, magical powers and medicinal knowledge. In recognition he created the official title Iyoba (Queen Mother) and set up the Eguae-Iyoba (Palace of the Queen Mother) with its own separate and powerful court which is still respected today. \n \n \nWho is it used by and why them? \nThe practice of honouring and communicating with ancestors was widespread in the kingdom of Ancient Benin, which dates from the 11th century. Priests made alter offerings and conducted rituals during which bells would be rung to call the ancestral spirits. Carved elephant tusks, depicting a past King (or Oba), were also placed on the palace alters. Some brass heads had an open top in which the carved tusk could be placed. \n \nThe people of Ancient Benin are well known for their brass\/bronze casting techniques and they used these skills to make artefacts that recorded important people and events in their history. In Edo, the language of Ancient Benin, 'to remember' (sa-e-y-ama) literally means 'to cast a motif in bronze'. The Edo language was only spoken and not written so metal casting was an important way of recording their history." }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Cast cire perdu head.\n\nPLACE: Benin City, Nigeria, West Africa." }, { "type": "manufacture basic (online)", "value": "This object is made using the 'lost wax' process which is sometimes also known as the 'cire perdu' process. \n\nThis is a method of casting using a mould to make an object. A wax model is covered in clay which is then fired in a kiln. During firing, the wax melts, leaving a clay mould which is later filled with molten metal. \n\nAlthough the method is ancient and unchanged, it is still practised today in Benin City to make objects for sale to tourists rather than just for the Oba's court. \n\nThese brass casters still live and work in crafts' guilds arranged in zones around the palace including the leather workers, the wood carvers and the brass\/bronze casters guilds. They are small producers and the objects are often made in the open air using small home made pieces of equipment and often metal melted down from waste items." }, { "type": "manufacture more (online)", "value": "To make the mould, the craftsman first makes the basic shape of the head in soft clay. When this is dry, he uses softened wax on top of it to build up the details. He uses wooden tools to sculpt the finer details.\nThe wax is left to harden before the whole head is covered in a final layer of soft clay but leaving a hole through which the melted wax can be removed. The clay is then tied with wire before being left to harden. \nWhen the mould has dried out, it is then fired in a simple charcoal kiln to melt the wax inside. The melted wax is then poured out through the hole leaving a completed mould ready for use. Molten brass is then poured into the clay mould and left to cool down and solidify, which can take as long as a week. Finally the clay mould is broken to reveal the metal head. The head is then cleaned to remove all traces of clay and polished. These heads were not made to look exactly like the person they represented. They were sometimes used to represent the role and function of a queen mother or other important position." }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Cast cire perdu head.\n\nPLACE: Benin City, Nigeria, West Africa.\n\nVIDEOS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: Introduction to Benin - Learning Pack for Schools \u2013 Horniman Education\n\nColour photos by Carolyn Roberts (photos only, negs mislaid by exhibitions) can be scanned.Has photos of a Queen Mother head (not this actual one) being made. Some of these may have been scanned in B\/W by Rosie Fuller into the Learning Pack.\n\nRELATED OBJECTS: Centenary Gallery: \nBrass Altar Bells, Ezuzu Fans, Ivory Amulets, Hand Held Ivory clappers.(which showcase name?)\nMusic gallery; Ukhurhe (Rattle Staff),Clapper bell, Side Blown Horns. (which showcase name?)\nAfrican Worlds; Benin Plaques\nHOB - The stages of the plaque making process, 24x?" }, { "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Cast cire perdu head.\n\nPLACE: Benin City, Nigeria, West Africa.\n\nMORE BOOKS: Plankensteiner; 'Benin Kings and Rituals' Horniman Library: African Arts Journal. Winter 2007 Vol 40 No 4\n\nVIDEOS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: Introduction to Benin - Learning Pack for Schools \u2013 Horniman Education\n\nColour photos by Carolyn Roberts (photos only, negs mislaid by exhibitions) can be scanned.Has photos of a Queen Mother head (not this actual one) being made. Some of these may have been scanned in B\/W by Rosie Fuller into the Learning Pack.\n\nRELATED OBJECTS: Centenary Gallery: \nBrass Altar Bells, Ezuzu Fans, Ivory Amulets, Hand Held Ivory clappers.(which showcase name?)\nMusic gallery; Ukhurhe (Rattle Staff),Clapper bell, Side Blown Horns. (which showcase name?)\nAfrican Worlds; Benin Plaques\nHOB - The stages of the plaque making process, 24x?" }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Maycock, Lucy" }, "type": "description", "value": "Cast cire perdu head, probably showing Queen Idia, first Queen Mother (Iyoba).\n\nPLACE: Benin City, Nigeria, West Africa.\n\nMORE BOOKS: Plankensteiner; 'Benin Kings and Rituals' Horniman Library: African Arts Journal. Winter 2007 Vol 40 No 4\n\nVIDEOS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: Introduction to Benin - Learning Pack for Schools - Horniman Education\n\nColour photos by Carolyn Roberts (photos only, negs mislaid by exhibitions) can be scanned.Has photos of a Queen Mother head (not this actual one) being made. Some of these may have been scanned in B\/W by Rosie Fuller into the Learning Pack.\n\nRELATED OBJECTS: Centenary Gallery: \nBrass Altar Bells, Ezuzu Fans, Ivory Amulets, Hand Held Ivory clappers.(which showcase name?)\nMusic gallery; Ukhurhe (Rattle Staff),Clapper bell, Side Blown Horns. (which showcase name?)\nAfrican Worlds; Benin Plaques\nHOB - The stages of the plaque making process, 24x?" }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "Similar finely made heads were placed on 'ancestral' alters in the Royal Palace in Ancient Benin to honour the ancestors." }, { "type": "more (online)", "value": "This meant the Queen Mother in the Edo language used in Ancient Benin." }, { "type": "use", "value": "Similar finely made heads were placed on \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcancestral\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 alters in the Royal Palace in Ancient Benin to honour the ancestors. \n \nHow is it used? \nCommemorative Brass\/Bronze heads and sculptures were placed on ancestral alters within the Royal Palace as a way to honour the ancestors. Such altars allowed people to communicate with the ancestral spirits, to show them their respects, ask for their protection and their intervention to resolve problems. This head is a modern copy made, using the traditional method, to sell to tourists. It is believed to show Queen Idia who was the first Queen Mother (Iyoba) Idia was the mother of Esigie, the Oba (king) of Benin who ruled from 1504 to 1550 who won many important victories both on and off the battlefield with the help of his mother Idia due to her astute political advice, magical powers and medicinal knowledge. In recognition he created the official title Iyoba (Queen Mother) and set up the Eguae-Iyoba (Palace of the Queen Mother) with its own separate and powerful court which is still respected today. \n \nWho is it used by? Why them? \nThe practice of honouring and communicating with ancestors was widespread in the kingdom of Ancient Benin, which dates from the 11th century. Priests made alter offerings and conducted rituals during which bells would be rung to call the ancestral spirits. Carved elephant tusks, depicting a past King (or Oba), were also placed on the palace alters. Some brass heads had an open top in which the carved tusk could be placed. The people of Ancient Benin are well known for their Brass\/Bronze casting techniques and used these skills to make artefacts that recorded important people and events in their history. In Edo, the language of Ancient Benin, the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcto remember\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 (sa-e-y-ama) literally means \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcto cast a motif in Bronze\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. The Edo language was only spoken and not written so metal casting was an important way of recording their history. This head is a modern copy made, using the traditional method, to sell to tourists." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Patel, India" }, "type": "description", "value": "Cast cire perdu head, probably showing Queen Idia, first Queen Mother (Iyoba)." } ], "language": [ "eng" ], "title": [ { "type": "catalogue title", "value": "Lyoba", "primary": true }, { "type": "display title" }, { "type": "display title", "value": "Lyoba" }, { "type": "more (online)", "value": "This meant the Queen Mother in the Edo language used in Ancient Benin." } ], "type": { "sub_type": [ "general" ], "scope": "WHOLE", "base": "object" }, "legal": { "status": "handling collection" }, "options": { "item_count": "1", "option7": "Anthropology", "option8": "Introduction to Benin \u2013 Learning Pack", "option5": "Belief", "use": "Commemorative Brass\/ Bronze heads and sculptures were placed on ancestral altars in the Royal Palace to honour the ancestors. Altars allowed people to communicate with their ancestral spirits, to show them respect, ask for protection. This statue is thought to be Queen Idia who was the first Queen Mother, the mother of Esigie who was the Oba of Benin from 1504-1550.", "flag4": "N", "option6": "Coquet, M. (1998) 'African Royal Court Art' University of Chicago ISBN 0 226 11575 5.; \nBen-Amos, P. (1980) 'The Art of Benin' Thames and Hudson, London.; \nDuchateau, A. (1994) 'Benin - Royal Art of Africa' Prestel, Munich.; \nhttp:\/\/www.zyama.com\/benin\/pics..htm", "flag3": "N", "flag2": "N", "flag1": "N", "system_count": "0", "option1": "In Ancient Benin, there was no written language and brass\/bronze casting was used to make a permanent record of important events and people as a way to record their history. We have learnt a lot about what life was like in Benin by studying their sculptures. \n\nHow do we record history today? Have written records lasted as long? Will newer methods such as video tape or electronic CDs be as long lasting?", "option2": "Made using the \u2018Lost Wax \u2018 process, sometimes also known as the \u2018Cire Perdu\u2019 process.\nThis is a method of casting using a mould to make an object. A wax model is covered in clay which is then fired in a kiln. During firing the wax melts leaving a clay mould which is later filled with molten metal. Although the method is ancient and unchanged it is still practised today in Benin City to make objects for sale to tourists rather than just for the Oba\u2019s court. These brass casters still live and work in crafts\u2019 guilds arranged in zones around the palace including the leather workers, the wood carvers and the brass\/bronze casters guilds. They are small producers and the objects are often made in the open air using small home made pieces of equipment and often metal melted down from waste items.\n\nTo make the mould, the craftsman first makes the basic shape of the head in soft clay. When this is dry he uses softened wax on top of it to build up the details.\nHe uses wooden tools to sculpt the finer details.\nThe wax is left to harden before the whole head is covered in a final layer of soft clay but leaving a hole through which the melted wax can be removed.\nThe clay is then tied with wire before being left to harden. \nWhen the mould has dried out it is then fired in a simple charcoal kiln to melt the wax inside. \nThe melted wax is then poured out through the hole leaving a completed mould ready for use.\nMolten brass is then poured into the clay mould and left to cool down and solidify, which can take as long as a week. Finally the clay mould is broken to reveal the metal head.\nThe head is then cleaned to remove all traces of clay and polished. \nThese heads were not made to look exactly like the person they represented. They were\nsometimes used to represent the role and function of a queen mother or other \nimportant position.", "option10": "Schools: Ancient Benin; Identity" }, "appraisal": [ { "source": "catalogue", "@entity": "lifecycle" } ], "term": [ { "summary": { "title": "Edo" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-500610", "id": "term-500610", "uuid": "a1d8619e-36ba-36d0-91fd-ebefda49983c" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "heads (art)" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-503701", "id": "term-503701", "uuid": "4d97bddb-93d7-3d95-90cd-fa7f6a122540" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "shell" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "classified as" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1016308", "id": "term-1016308", "uuid": "d70dcb44-62ad-3e14-b299-ecce51efdadb" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "physical": [ { "note": "Owen, Elizabeth M. 1999-08-06", "component": "overall", "term": "complete", "descriptor": "completeness", "@reference": { "@entity": "literal" }, "type": "completeness" }, { "component": "overall", "term": "bronze", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "bronze" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015536", "id": "term-1015536", "uuid": "2f098ac7-7831-3265-b874-c684e16ed8be" }, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" } ], "creation": { "place": [ { "summary": { "title": "Africa" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-93", "id": "place-93", "uuid": "9107eb54-cca2-350d-b523-366a2d0dda96" }, "historical": true, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Benin City" }, "@link": { "source": "catalogue" }, "name": [ { "value": "Benin City" } ], "@entity": "literal" }, { "summary": { "title": "Nigeria" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-258", "id": "place-258", "uuid": "c5d2f3bb-7c31-3d01-98dd-686ff947a86e" }, "historical": true, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Benin City" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-2826", "id": "place-2826", "uuid": "0467fb4f-dbc5-36b8-9acd-bb1add311bc3" }, "@entity": "reference" } ] }, "measurements": { "display": "overall: 305 x 175 x 155 mm", "count": "1", "dimensions": [ { "type": "catalogue dimensions", "value": "overall: 305 x 175 x 155 mm", "primary": true }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "diameter", "value": "6 1\/8" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "diameter", "value": "155" }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "height", "value": "12" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "height", "value": "305" }, { "units": "in", "dimension": "width", "value": "6 7\/8" }, { "units": "mm", "dimension": "width", "value": "175" } ] }, "summary": { "title": "model 'Queen Mother' head." }, "identifier": [ { "accession_number": "HC.1999.886", "type": "accession number", "value": "HC.1999.886", "primary": true } ], "collection": "Anthropology", "condition": [ { "date": { "earliest": 2023, "value": "2023-01-03", "latest": 2023 }, "examiner": "Woodcock, Harriet", "value": "1: good" } ], "multimedia": [ { "processed": { "preview": { "resizable": true, "format": "jpeg", "modified": 1222681308000, "location": "160\/443\/preview_WI_HC_1999_886.jpg", "type": "image", "measurements": { "filesize": { "units": "bytes", "value": 1130 }, "dimensions": [ { "units": "pixels", "dimension": "height", "value": 76 }, { "units": "pixels", "dimension": "width", "value": 76 } ] } }, "feature": { "resizable": true, "format": "jpeg", "modified": 1222681308000, "location": "160\/443\/feature_WI_HC_1999_886.jpg", "type": "image", "measurements": { "filesize": { "units": "bytes", "value": 11069 }, "dimensions": [ { "units": "pixels", "dimension": "height", "value": 373 }, { "units": "pixels", "dimension": "width", "value": 373 } ] } }, "large": { "resizable": true, "format": "jpeg", "modified": 1222681308000, "location": "160\/443\/large_WI_HC_1999_886.jpg", "type": "image", "measurements": { "filesize": { "units": "bytes", "value": 36098 }, "dimensions": [ { "units": 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"e7d977f6-3d77-32bc-b8d9-40406ea05e1d" }, "legal": { "rights": [ { "holder": "Horniman Museum and Gardens", "type": "copyright" } ] }, "type": "image", "@entity": "reference" } ], "@admin": { "processed": 1745949739659, "sequence": 7665449, "uid": "hmc-object-9106", "added": 1664637531011, "stream": "collections-online", "id": "object-9106", "source": "hmc", "uuid": "9a9fe46a-b15c-3f85-889a-5a8a98ef99ea" }, "movable": "Y", "material": [ { "type": "catalogue materials", "value": "brass", "primary": true } ], "culture": [ { "@link": { "source": "catalogue" }, "name": [ { "type": "catalogue culture", "value": "Bini" } ], "@entity": "literal" }, { "summary": { "title": "Edo" }, "@link": { "variation": 137109 }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-500610", "id": "term-500610", "uuid": "a1d8619e-36ba-36d0-91fd-ebefda49983c" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "value": "The Bini People, Ancient Benin" }, { "value": "Bini" } ], "name": [ { "type": "catalogue name", "value": "model 'Queen Mother' head.", "primary": true }, { "type": "object name" }, { "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "heads (art)" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)" } ], "variation": 116661 }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-503701", "id": "term-503701", "uuid": "4d97bddb-93d7-3d95-90cd-fa7f6a122540" }, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)" }, { "type": "object name" }, { "type": "object name", "value": "model \u2018Queen Mother\u2019 head." }, { "type": "object name", "value": "head" }, { "type": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)", "value": "head (art)" }, { "type": "object name", "value": "Model of \u2018Queen Mother\u2019 head." } ], "location": [ { "type": "home location", "value": "HMG - Forest Hill; Horniman Museum; Hands on Base; Display; Case 27; Shelf b" } ], "category": [ { "type": "category1", "value": "Education Handling Collection: Anthropology" } ], "facility": [ { "summary": { "title": "Shelf c" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2025, "value": "2025-02-17", "latest": 2025 }, "duration": "0.75", "level5": "Shelf c", "level4": "Case 27", "current": "Y", "last": { "level5": "Shelf b", "level4": "Case 27", "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "purpose": "Regular storage", "moved": { "by": "Maycock, Lucy" }, "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-10345", "id": "facility-10345", "uuid": "c23138b5-2971-3a9e-8688-d9f9b836deb2" }, "@entity": "reference", "primary": true }, { "summary": { "title": "HMG - Forest Hill" }, "note": [ { "value": "Data imported from source database without location date." } ], "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 1, "value": "0001", "latest": 1 }, "duration": "729974", "current": "N", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level2": "2\/45" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-548", "id": "facility-548", "uuid": "3b8534e3-4d29-3619-bc5e-1216c54b42dc" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "World Gallery Balcony" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2000, "value": "2000-12", "latest": 2012 }, "level5": "000004", "level6": "000001", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "last": { "location": "Horniman Museum", "level1": "FH", "level2": "2\/45" }, "purpose": "temporary storage", "moved": { "by": "Edge, Julia" }, "duration": "551", "current": "N", "location": "Horniman Museum. South Hall Balcony", "level1": "FH", "level3": "00000K", "level2": "3\/54" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-40", "id": "facility-40", "uuid": "750db480-f259-3f14-83ad-9f0bc633052b" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Shelf a" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2007, "value": "2007-05-01", "latest": 2007 }, "duration": "3172", "current": "N", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "last": { "level4": "000026a", "location": "Hands on Base Shelf 26a", "level1": "FH", "level3": "0000M4", "level2": "3\/70" }, "purpose": "Exhibition", "moved": { "by": "Cort, Julia" }, "location": "Horniman Museum. Hands on Base", "level1": "Display", "level3": "Shelf a", "level2": "Case 26" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-10335", "id": "facility-10335", "uuid": "397283e2-42a6-306c-b00e-e6d0d570e447" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Shelf A" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2016, "value": "2016-01-05", "latest": 2016 }, "duration": "365", "level5": "Shelf a", "level4": "Case 26", "current": "N", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "last": { "location": "Horniman Museum. Hands on Base", "level1": "Display", "level3": "Shelf a", "level2": "Case 26" }, "purpose": "annual audit", "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-10124", "id": "facility-10124", "uuid": "dd9b9cc4-efbc-31f9-bdfa-6f90b3ecb1d6" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Shelf b" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2019, "value": "2019-01-02", "latest": 2019 }, "duration": "367", "level5": "Shelf b", "level4": "Case 27", "current": "N", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "last": { "level5": "Shelf b", "level4": "Case 27", "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "purpose": "annual audit", "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-10344", "id": "facility-10344", "uuid": "087b1449-dec1-3e4a-af51-90cde567280b" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "CUE Building" }, "@link": { "date": { "earliest": 2021, "value": "2021-07-15", "latest": 2021 }, "duration": "8", "current": "N", "role": [ { "value": "historical" } ], "last": { "level5": "Shelf b", "level4": "Case 27", "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "Horniman Museum", "level3": "Display", "level2": "Hands on Base" }, "purpose": "School session", "moved": { "by": "Kanska, Maggie" }, "location": "HMG - Forest Hill", "level1": "CUE Building" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-facility-502", "id": "facility-502", "uuid": "f24b9207-1b7f-35c4-8c01-49ae974257a5" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "object": [ { "summary": { "title": "metal cast" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-object-10055", "id": "object-10055", "uuid": "822efe1b-079d-34c1-95c8-1c6082f8102d" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "plaque; casting; stage of manufacture" }, "@link": { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-object-9247", "id": "object-9247", "uuid": "6b03463a-e813-311c-a20e-ec165a71245b" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "plaque" }, "@link": { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-object-9237", "id": "object-9237", "uuid": "09444269-9413-3d29-ade0-ab0c826511eb" }, "@entity": "reference" } ] }