{ "instructions": [ { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Complete", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO Core Record QA" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Complete", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO Extended Record 1 QA" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 2011, "value": "2011-10-03", "latest": 2011, "primary": true } ], "note": "Extended Record 1", "author": "Shepherd, Rupert", "type": "CO" }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999-08-09", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": "IROONEY", "instruction": "amber", "type": "HANDLING STATUS" } ], "note": [ { "type": "catalogue note", "value": "Bought MEM from the African Centre for the Education Centre in 1980.\n\n\nRELATED OBJECTS: Masai Milk Gourd on display HOB 28a\n\nOLD DESCRIPTION FROM THE USE FIELD: Neck rings of this design are made by Maasai women in Kenya. The beads are traded and attached to animal skin. Many of these necklets are now made for the tourist market.\n\nMANUFACTURE\/MORE: Bead work is common throughout East and Southern Africa and the style varies from one culture to another. It is usually carried out by women, perhaps because their smaller hands are more nimble for the delicate work. However, it is a relatively modern practice since beads first arrived in Africa as items of trade. Introduced by Arab traders sailing down the east coast, beads were exchanged for Ivory and other precious things. This is an indication of how highly they were prized. The earliest Masai beaded jewellery was made from large red beads manufactured in Holland and dates from around 1850. Although Venetian glass beads were also imported, the major influence on bead work in the region came from the importation of less expensive tiny, coloured glass beads from Czechoslovakia about 100 years ago. These beads had pre-drilled centre holes so they could be easily strung on thread and came in a wide variety of colours. The peoples of East and Southern Africa used these colours to reflect their traditional beliefs and legends. Before the arrival of beads coloured natural materials such as seeds were already being used to reflect beliefs. Early East African peoples seemed to have favoured the colours black, red and white. Perhaps this was linked to the Masai legend of the two gods, one black and the other red, who represented good and evil. (See connected stories). \n\nMasai beadwork uses small blocks of colour divided by bands of contrasting colour. The use of highly contrasting colours is considered to be very pleasing to the eye. Masai primary colours are; white, red, green, blue, and orange. Other colours such as yellow or black are secondary colours. If a certain primary colour is unavailable then it may be substituted by a secondary colour, for example blue may be used to replace black, but this is considered to devalue a piece of work.\n\nCONNECTED STORIES (FROM TEMPLATE): The symbolic meaning of the colours used in beaded Masai jewellery such as neck rings appears to have a long history. It reflects traditional values and beliefs and although the meanings vary a little from source to source there seems to be a common agreement that the colour blue always represents the sky. The sky in turn represents God, known as Enkai or Engai, who is the spiritual power in the universe. The colour green is seen to represent pastures or grass, life sustaining to the Masai who are traditional cattle herders. White is always symbolic of milk, which nourishes the community and keeps everyone healthy. Red has a number of representations; danger, bravery, strength, warrior, but also unity as it represents cattle blood which the Masai share as a drink at important ceremonies. \n\nIt may also mean danger as it represents the evil god in a old traditional Masai story, first written down by a European early in the 20th century." } ], "loan": { "value": "N" }, "projects": [ "CollectionsOnline01" ], "subject": [ { "summary": { "title": "Africa" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "learning subject" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-25", "id": "subject-25", "uuid": "c8725caa-6d4d-36f1-a65c-df29f5f3cbb4" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "The Black and Red Gods" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "related subject" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-subject-313", "id": "subject-313", "uuid": "8154d3bb-21d3-3bc9-9af7-d89b7b907813" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "description": [ { "type": "catalogue description", "value": "Maasai neck ring, 'meringet' made from leather decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, with a long multicoloured beaded front piece.", "primary": true }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Maasai neck ring made from leather decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, with a long multicoloured beaded front piece. Bought MEM from the African Centre for the Education Centre in 1980.\n\nManufacture continued: \nBead work is common throughout East and Southern Africa and the style varies from one culture to another. It is usually carried out by women, perhaps because their smaller hands are more nimble for the delicate work. However, it is a relatively modern practice since beads first arrived in Africa as items of trade. Introduced by Arab traders sailing down the east coast, beads were exchanged for Ivory and other precious things. This is an indication of how highly they were prized. The earliest Maasai beaded jewellery was made from large red beads manufactured in Holland and dates from around 1850. Although Venetian glass beads were also imported, the major influence on bead work in the region came from the importation of less expensive tiny, coloured glass beads from Czechoslovakia about 100 years ago. These beads had pre-drilled centre holes so they could be easily strung on thread and came in a wide variety of colours. The peoples of East and Southern Africa used these colours to reflect their traditional beliefs and legends. Before the arrival of beads coloured natural materials such as seeds were already being used to reflect beliefs. Early East African peoples seemed to have favoured the colours black, red and white. Perhaps this was linked to the Maasai legend of the two gods, one black and the other red, who represented good and evil. (See connected stories). \nMaasai beadwork uses small blocks of colour divided by bands of contrasting colour. The use of highly contrasting colours is considered to be very pleasing to the eye. Maasai Primary colours are; white, red, green, blue, and orange. Other colours such as yellow or black are Secondary colours. If a certain Primary colour is unavailable then it may be substituted by a Secondary colour, for example blue may be used to replace black, but this is considered to devalue a piece of work." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "historical": true, "type": "description", "value": "Maasai neck ring made from leather decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, with a long multicoloured beaded front piece. Bought MEM from the African Centre for the Education Centre in 1980." }, { "date": [ { "earliest": 1999, "value": "1999", "latest": 1999, "primary": true } ], "note": [ { "value": "This record is being updated." } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "source": "Mellor, Mary", "type": "Find Out File", "value": "Neck rings of this design are made by Maasai women in Kenya. The beads are traded and attached to animal skin. Many of these necklets are now made for the tourist market." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "description (online)", "value": "Maasai neck ring made from leather decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, with a long multicoloured beaded front piece." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "manufacture basic (online)", "value": "Coloured beads, selected for their symbolism, are threaded together and sewn onto a flat leather neck ring in a variety of geometric patterns. Glass beads are more highly prized but plastic beads are not only cheaper to buy but also lighter to wear. Although the beads, both glass and plastic, are pre-drilled with centre holes, the work is delicate and time consuming. Bead work is usually carried out by women and mothers often make these beaded neck rings for their daughters as well as for the tourist market." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" }, "type": "manufacture more (online)", "value": "Bead work is common throughout East and Southern Africa and the style varies from one culture to another. It is usually carried out by women, perhaps because their smaller hands are more nimble for the delicate work. However it is a relatively modern practice since beads first arrived in Africa as items of trade. Introduced by Arab traders sailing down the east coast, beads were exchanged for Ivory and other precious things. This is an indication of how highly they were prized. \n\nThe earliest Maasai beaded jewellery was made from large red beads manufactured in Holland and dates from around 1850. Although Venetian glass beads were also imported, the major influence on bead work in the region came from the importation of less expensive tiny, coloured glass beads from Czechoslovakia about 100 years ago. These beads had pre-drilled centre holes so they could be easily strung on thread and came in a wide variety of colours. The peoples of East and Southern Africa used these colours to reflect their traditional beliefs and legends. \n\nBefore the arrival of beads, coloured natural materials such as seeds were already being used to reflect beliefs. Early East African peoples seemed to have favoured the colours black, red and white. Perhaps this was linked to the Maasai legend of the two gods, one black and the other red, who represented good and evil. (See connected stories). \n\nMaasai beadwork uses small blocks of colour divided by bands of contrasting colour. The use of highly contrasting colours is considered to be very pleasing to the eye. Maasai primary colours are white, red, green, blue and orange. Other colours such as yellow or black are secondary colours. If a certain primary colour is unavailable, then it may be substituted by a secondary colour, for example blue may be used to replace black, but this is considered to devalue a piece of work." }, { "historical": true, "type": "commentary", "value": "Information compiled by Rethinking Relationships researcher, Ken Simiyu:" }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "Masai women begin to collect beaded neck rings from an early age and wear rings of different circumferences slightly overlapping each other so that they eventually form a broad band of colour covering her chest, shoulders and neck. Mothers, who usually own cattle in their own right and so may be quite wealthy, will often make neck rings for their daughters. The most expensive and therefore the most prized are made using only glass beads. Some neck rings are only worn on special occasions such as weddings or circumcision ceremonies but most are worn daily.\n\nThe daily rings are worn throughout a complete life stage. The Masai pass through several life stages, of approximately 15 years duration, during their entire life. These life grades are linked to the ceremonies which mark the progression from childhood to adolescence and then into adulthood as elders. A beaded necklace, through shape, colour and pattern can indicate to which age grade a woman belongs, her tribe, her marital and motherhood status. The coloured beads have great symbolism related to the beliefs and legends of the Masai.\n\nThe symbolic meaning of the colours used in beaded Masai jewellery such as neck rings appears to have a long history. It reflects traditional values and beliefs and although the meanings vary a little from source to source there seems to be a common agreement that the colour blue always represents the sky. The sky in turn represents God, known as Enkai or Engai, who is the spiritual power in the universe. The colour green is seen to represent pastures or grass, life sustaining to the Masai who are traditional cattle herders. White is always symbolic of milk, which nourishes the community and keeps everyone healthy. Red has a number of representations: bravery, strength, warriors, but also unity as it represents cattle blood which the Masai share as a drink at important ceremonies. It may also mean danger as it represents the evil god in a old traditional Masai story, first written down by a European early in the 20th century." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "Worn by Masai women to show their status and wealth." }, { "historical": true, "type": "use", "value": "How is it used? \nNeck rings like this are worn on a daily basis to show a woman's age grade, marital status and even how many sons she has given birth to. Although some necklaces are only worn for special occasions most are worn every day. A woman adds to her necklace collection as she grows older and her necklaces overlap each other. \n \nWho by and why them? \nAlthough they now live in southern Kenya and north-central Tanzania, the Masai are believed to have migrated south from the Nile valley in Sudan sometime between the 14th and 16th century. As in many other cultures their body decoration conveys specific personal and social information to other members of their own culture and beads play an important role. The coloured beads have great symbolism related to the beliefs and legends of the Masai people." }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Maycock, Lucy" }, "type": "description", "value": "Maasai neck ring, 'meringet' made from leather decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, with a long multicoloured beaded front piece. Bought MEM from the African Centre for the Education Centre in 1980.\n\nManufacture continued: \nBead work is common throughout East and Southern Africa and the style varies from one culture to another. It is usually carried out by women, perhaps because their smaller hands are more nimble for the delicate work. However, it is a relatively modern practice since beads first arrived in Africa as items of trade. Introduced by Arab traders sailing down the east coast, beads were exchanged for Ivory and other precious things. This is an indication of how highly they were prized. The earliest Maasai beaded jewellery was made from large red beads manufactured in Holland and dates from around 1850. Although Venetian glass beads were also imported, the major influence on bead work in the region came from the importation of less expensive tiny, coloured glass beads from Czechoslovakia about 100 years ago. These beads had pre-drilled centre holes so they could be easily strung on thread and came in a wide variety of colours. The peoples of East and Southern Africa used these colours to reflect their traditional beliefs and legends. Before the arrival of beads coloured natural materials such as seeds were already being used to reflect beliefs. Early East African peoples seemed to have favoured the colours black, red and white. Perhaps this was linked to the Maasai legend of the two gods, one black and the other red, who represented good and evil. (See connected stories). \nMaasai beadwork uses small blocks of colour divided by bands of contrasting colour. The use of highly contrasting colours is considered to be very pleasing to the eye. Maasai Primary colours are; white, red, green, blue, and orange. Other colours such as yellow or black are Secondary colours. If a certain Primary colour is unavailable then it may be substituted by a Secondary colour, for example blue may be used to replace black, but this is considered to devalue a piece of work." }, { "type": "use", "value": "Information compiled by Rethinking Relationships researcher, Ken Simiyu: \nThis is a maasai traditional ornament known as meringet similar to the modern day necklaces. It is culturally significant because for girls and young women it marked the coming of age when one is has reached the age she can be married. \nTraditionally, meringet was made by young girls between the ages of 8 and 14, hough bead work has been a long term engagement which means old women also engage young girls as a training session. Meringet was made from leather and decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, some hanging on the front. The beads are threaded together then sewn onto a flat leather neck ring in a variety of geometric patterns in variety eye catching patterns. \nOther objects that may be used alongside it \nOther objects that are used alongside meringet are the leather bangles, earrings and armlets which are worn during special occasions such as dowry negotiations, wedding and during rite of passage. \nIn deed there have been variations of the object as time goes by and natural resources dwindles. In the contemporary dispensation, other materials include plastic and metal beads of different colours which are drilling in the middle. There is differences between the adult and child necklaces whereby children\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s tend to be smaller and have fewer beads. \n Traditionally, this object was meant to symbolize rite of passage, however with the changing times and inter-cultural interactions entrepreneurs have seized the opportunity and now it is being made and sold on commercial basis in open air markets, online markets such amazon and local and international supermarkets. The real object is made up highly contrasting colours considered to be very pleasing to the eye. Maasai Primary colours are; white, red, green, blue, and orange. \nThough many things are changing Meringet is still used not only by the Maasai but many people who appreciate intercultural interactions. Currently, the object is worn ceremonially during special occasions such as anniversaries, weddings, birthday parties, and also a source of gifting. With the entrance of entrepreneurs and designers into the cultural sphere, the contemporary Meringet is a hybrid of colours, shapes and beads of different materials ranging from hardened plastics, metals to precious stones such as diamonds, gold and silver." }, { "historical": true, "type": "commentary", "value": "white, red, green, blue, and orange.\nThough many things are changing Meringet is still used not only by the Maasai but many people who appreciate intercultural interactions. Currently, the object is worn ceremonially during special occasions such as anniversaries, weddings, birthday parties, and also a source of gifting. With the entrance of entrepreneurs and designers into the cultural sphere, the contemporary Meringet is a hybrid of colours, shapes and beads of different materials ranging from hardened plastics, metals to precious stones such as diamonds, gold and silver." }, { "historical": true, "type": "commentary", "value": "Information compiled by Rethinking Relationships researcher, Ken Simiyu:\nThis is a maasai traditional ornament known as meringet similar to the modern day necklaces. It is culturally significant because for girls and young women it marked the coming of age when one is has reached the age she can be married." }, { "historical": true, "type": "commentary", "value": "Information compiled by Rethinking Relationships researcher, Ken Simiyu: \nThis is a maasai traditional ornament known as meringet similar to the modern day necklaces. It is culturally significant because for girls and young women it marked the coming of age when one is has reached the age she can be married. \nTraditionally, meringet was made by young girls between the ages of 8 and 14, hough bead work has been a long term engagement which means old women also engage young girls as a training session. Meringet was made from leather and decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, some hanging on the front. The beads are threaded together then sewn onto a flat leather neck ring in a variety of geometric patterns in variety eye catching patterns. \nOther objects that may be used alongside it \nOther objects that are used alongside meringet are the leather bangles, earrings and armlets which are worn during special occasions such as dowry negotiations, wedding and during rite of passage. \nIn deed there have been variations of the object as time goes by and natural resources dwindles. In the contemporary dispensation, other materials include plastic and metal beads of different colours which are drilling in the middle. There is differences between the adult and child necklaces whereby children\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s tend to be smaller and have fewer beads. \n Traditionally, this object was meant to symbolize rite of passage, however with the changing times and inter-cultural interactions entrepreneurs have seized the opportunity and now it is being made and sold on commercial basis in open air markets, online markets such amazon and local and international supermarkets. The real object is made up highly contrasting colours considered to be very pleasing to the eye. Maasai Primary colours are" }, { "attribution": { "attributor": "Patel, India" }, "type": "description", "value": "Maasai neck ring, 'meringet' made from leather decorated with blue, red, green and orange beads, with a long multicoloured beaded front piece." }, { "note": [ { "value": "Rethinking Relationships 2021" } ], "attribution": { "date": [ { "earliest": 2021, "value": "2021-11-26", "latest": 2021, "primary": true } ], "attributor": "Emodo Janet Idekure" }, "type": "commentary", "value": "Community Commentary by Emodo Janet Idekure within research project: 'Rethinking Relationships and Building Trust around African Collections' 2021\n\nA necklace made of leather at the neck areas and beads at the lower parts\nThe object was used and Currently still used in wedding ceremonies of the Maasai\n people .\nThere were a number of different colours used in Maasai beadwork ,red signified blood,bravery,and unity,white represented health peace and purity,blue represented sky and energy whereas green represented the grass colour and signified land production.\nA woman getting married wore a long necklace with blue beads and a very elaborate and heavily neck piece.\nThose with higher social status wore more colourful beads.\nIt was made by the mother of the bride ,the bridegroom's mother or aunties had to pay the bride's mother a bull so that they could make the necklace for the ceremony.\nIt was also worn by the single ladies when they were going for the dances for the purpose of enhancing their beauty.\n\nColours and it's significance:\nBeaded ornaments represented Maasai's cultural values and traditions.\nBead was worn according to the age and social status of an individual.\nThe museum can retain the object as world's cultural collection for researchers and for tourism purposes.\nThis is because the object is not extinct in the community ,it's still been made but modified in a modern way." } ], "language": [ "eng" ], "type": { "sub_type": [ "general" ], "scope": "WHOLE", "base": "object" }, "legal": { "status": "handling collection" }, "options": { "item_count": "1", "option5": "Jewellery\/ body decoration", "use": "Neck rings like this would be worn on a daily basis and would show aspects of a woman's status and wealth including their age, marital status, and even how many sons she has. As a woman grows older, she adds to her necklace collection and the necklaces stack up and overlap.", "flag4": "N", "option6": "Salvadori, C. & Fedders, A. 'Maasai' Horniman Education Library.; 'The Masai: their language & folklore' Horniman Library OSS 308(676.2) HOL.; Anderson, D. 'Maasai - People of Cattle' Chronicle Books ISBN 0-8118-0831-9.; http:\/\/www.worldandi.com; http:\/\/www.maasaieducation.org; http:\/\/www.maasai-infoline.org", "flag3": "N", "flag2": "N", "flag1": "N", "system_count": "0", "option4": "CollectionsOnline01", "option1": "Is it so easy to know these things in other cultures? What visible signs are there about such personal information in your country? Do people wear wedding rings or perhaps specific pieces of clothing to show that they are married? When people see pictures of Masai women wearing neck rings do they understand the messages behind them? Does it matter if they do not?", "option2": "Coloured beads, selected for their symbolism, are threaded together and sewn onto a flat leather neck ring in a variety of geometric patterns. Glass beads are more highly prized but plastic beads are not only cheaper to buy but also lighter to wear. Although the beads, both glass and plastic, are pre-drilled with centre holes the work is delicate and time consuming. Bead work is usually carried out by women and mothers often make these beaded neck rings for their daughters as well as for the tourist market.", "option10": "Schools; Identity" }, "appraisal": [ { "source": "catalogue", "@entity": "lifecycle" } ], "term": [ { "summary": { "title": "neck rings (neck ornaments (personal adornment))" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "object name" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-504973", "id": "term-504973", "uuid": "0a07d3b7-cb3c-36ff-9954-b8db694fa708" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Maasai" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "maker or user" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Learning Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-500751", "id": "term-500751", "uuid": "0ab3d943-f19e-3b02-97b2-0ee278d3d6cc" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "leather" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Collections Conservation And Care Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015475", "id": "term-1015475", "uuid": "40413197-a5fe-3d61-b373-e7a6b71bbb02" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "plastic" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ], "attribution": { "attributor": "Collections Conservation And Care Section" } }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015546", "id": "term-1015546", "uuid": "e1c77e4d-fd01-3b20-866e-5973237af294" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "shell" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "classified as" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1016308", "id": "term-1016308", "uuid": "d70dcb44-62ad-3e14-b299-ecce51efdadb" }, "@entity": "reference" } ], "physical": [ { "note": "Rooney, Imogen 1999-08-09", "component": "overall", "term": "complete", "descriptor": "completeness", "@reference": { "@entity": "literal" }, "type": "completeness" }, { "note": "Collections Conservation And Care Section", "component": "overall", "term": "leather", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "leather" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015475", "id": "term-1015475", "uuid": "40413197-a5fe-3d61-b373-e7a6b71bbb02" }, "sort": 2, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" }, { "note": "Collections Conservation And Care Section", "component": "overall", "term": "plastic", "descriptor": "material", "@reference": { "summary": { "title": "plastic" }, "@link": { "role": [ { "value": "material" } ] }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-term-1015546", "id": "term-1015546", "uuid": "e1c77e4d-fd01-3b20-866e-5973237af294" }, "sort": 1, "@entity": "reference" }, "type": "material" } ], "creation": { "place": [ { "summary": { "title": "Africa" }, "@admin": { "uid": "hmc-place-93", "id": "place-93", "uuid": "9107eb54-cca2-350d-b523-366a2d0dda96" }, "@entity": "reference" }, { "summary": { "title": "Kenya, East Africa; 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