{
    "instructions": [
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            "date": [
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                    "value": "1999-08-09",
                    "latest": 1999,
                    "primary": true
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            "note": "IROONEY",
            "instruction": "amber",
            "type": "HANDLING STATUS"
        }
    ],
    "note": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue note",
            "value": "OLD DESCRIPTION:  Bought MEM (Africam Centre for the Education Centre in 1982."
        }
    ],
    "loan": {
        "value": "N"
    },
    "subject": [
        {
            "summary": {
                "title": "Africa"
            },
            "@link": {
                "role": [
                    {
                        "value": "place"
                    }
                ],
                "attribution": {
                    "attributor": "Learning Section"
                }
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            "@entity": "reference"
        },
        {
            "summary": {
                "title": "History of the gourd"
            },
            "@link": {
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                    }
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                "attribution": {
                    "attributor": "Learning Section"
                }
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    "description": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue description",
            "value": "Large calabash with a carved antelope and comb motif.",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "type": "manufacture basic (online)",
            "value": "Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry, it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised (scratched), burnt (scorched), painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours. \n\nMost gourds used as household utensils will be undecorated or very simply decorated. This example has been highly carved with an antelope and comb design. The carver is unknown but would have been a skilled craftsman. Woodcarving in most parts of Africa is still usually a male trade although in southern Africa it is women who prepare gourds. This gourd (calabash) would have been made for decorative purposes only and perhaps only for the tourist trade."
        },
        {
            "historical": true,
            "type": "description",
            "value": "Large calabash with a carved antelope and comb motif. Bought MEM (Africam Centre for the Education Centre in 1982.\n{RELATEDOBJS: HOB \u2013 Life of a Gourd Discovery Box \u2013 (selection of gourds)\nCentenary Gallery \u2013 Lime Gourds from Papua New Guinea\nMusic Gallery \u2013 Instruments with gourd reonators}"
        },
        {
            "type": "description",
            "value": "Large calabash with a carved antelope and comb motif. Bought MEM (Africam Centre for the Education Centre in 1982.\n\n{RELATEDOBJS: HOB \u2013 Life of a Gourd Discovery Box \u2013 (selection of gourds)\nCentenary Gallery \u2013 Lime Gourds from Papua New Guinea\nMusic Gallery \u2013 Instruments with gourd reonators}"
        },
        {
            "type": "more (online)",
            "value": "Another common word for a gourd in Africa is a calabash, taken from the Spanish word for gourd, 'calabaza'. Calabaza itself comes from the Arabic word for a dry (hard-shell) gourd, 'quar\u00c3\u201dah y\u00c3\u00a4bisah'."
        },
        {
            "historical": true,
            "type": "use",
            "value": "How is it used?\nAlthough this one has been made for decorative purposes, similar less highly decorated gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. To help balance it and spread the weight of the load, a head ring can be placed on the head and the gourd rests on top of it. They are also often used as bowls for food and liquid. Since they come in many sizes they have many different uses, from bathing a baby to making a musical instrument. \n\nWho is it used by and why them?\nHollowed out half gourds such as this are common all over Africa and particularly in rural areas. They are used wherever the gourd plant grows so they are used by many different cultural groups in many different countries. They are mostly used for domestic chores and therefore mainly used by women. Since they come in many shapes and sizes they are very versatile and may be used at times by male and female, young and old alike."
        },
        {
            "historical": true,
            "type": "use",
            "value": "Gourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Most grow on vines and some on trees in tropical climates all over the world. They grow in different shapes and sizes and when hollowed out and dried they make excellent containers. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats.  \n \nThe hard-shell gourd, being hollow, serves as a natural echo chamber. It is, therefore, not surprising to find that gourds have been used for thousands of years to amplify sound. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. These drums are found most commonly in African countries. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the 'mbira' (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon' xylophone or 'marimba' of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds. \n \nThe most obvious gourd musical instrument is a rattle \u00e2\u20ac\u201c a dried gourd, with its seeds inside, will rattle when it is shaken. By cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Many people attach a handle to the gourd, making a shaker which is, nowadays, a very common percussion instrument. By adding a netting of beads, seeds, shells or pebbles to the outside of the gourd, the sounds become louder and creates a variety of different tones, depending on how the gourd is shaken or hit (eg sometimes with a stick)."
        },
        {
            "historical": true,
            "type": "use",
            "value": "Multi purpose container. It can be used to carry things on the head, store food or liquid or as a decorative household container."
        },
        {
            "type": "use",
            "value": "Multi purpose container; can be used to carry things on the head, store food or liquid or as a decorative household container. \nHow is it used? \nAlthough this one has been made for decorative purposes, similar less highly decorated gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. To help balance it and spread the weight of the load, a head ring can be placed on the head and the gourd rests on top of it. They are also often used as bowls for food and liquid. Since they come in many sizes they have many different uses, from bathing a baby to making a musical instrument.  \nWho is it used by and why them? \nHollowed out half gourds such as this are common all over Africa and particularly in rural areas. They are used wherever the gourd plant grows so they are used by many different cultural groups in many different countries. They are mostly used for domestic chores and therefore mainly used by women. Since they come in many shapes and sizes they are very versatile and may be used at times by male and female, young and old alike. \nGourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Most grow on vines and some on trees in tropical climates all over the world. They grow in different shapes and sizes and when hollowed out and dried they make excellent containers. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats.  \nThe hard-shell gourd, being hollow, serves as a natural echo chamber. It is, therefore, not surprising to find that gourds have been used for thousands of years to amplify sound. Stretch some animal skin over the cut off end of a gourd and you have a drum. These drums are found most commonly in African countries. Gourds also serve as separate resonators or echo chambers in other instruments - the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcmbira\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 (thumb piano) of Africa and the wooden-keyed 'balafon\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 xylophone or 'marimba\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 of Africa and South America are often amplified with the addition of gourds. \nThe most obvious gourd musical instrument is a rattle - a dried gourd, with its seeds inside, will rattle when it is shaken. By cutting a few small holes or slits in the gourd, more of the sounds will he heard. By adding more stones or seeds the sound will change. Many people attach a handle to the gourd, making a shaker which is, nowadays, a very common percussion instrument. By adding a netting of beads, seeds, shells or pebbles to the outside of the gourd, the sounds become louder and creates a variety of different tones, depending on how the gourd is shaken or hit (eg sometimes with a stick)."
        },
        {
            "attribution": {
                "attributor": "Patel, India"
            },
            "type": "description",
            "value": "Large calabash with a carved antelope and comb motif."
        }
    ],
    "language": [
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    "title": [
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            "value": "cabalash",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "type": "display title"
        },
        {
            "type": "more (online)",
            "value": "Another common word for a gourd in Africa is a calabash, taken from the Spanish word for gourd, 'calabaza'. Calabaza itself comes from the Arabic word for a dry (hard-shell) gourd, 'quar\u00d4ah y\u00e4bisah'."
        },
        {
            "type": "display title",
            "value": "cabalash"
        }
    ],
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        "option7": "Anthropology",
        "option5": "Plants",
        "use": "Multi purpose container; can be used to carry things on the head, store food or liquid or as a decorative household container. \n\nHow is it used? \nAlthough this one has been made for decorative purposes, similar less highly decorated gourds are often used by women to carry things around on their head. To help balance it and spread the weight of the load, a head ring can be placed on the head and the gourd rests on top of it. They are also often used as bowls for food and liquid. Since they come in many sizes they have many different uses, from bathing a baby to making a musical instrument.  \n\nWho is it used by and why them? \nHollowed out half gourds such as this are common all over Africa and particularly in rural areas. They are used wherever the gourd plant grows so they are used by many different cultural groups in many different countries. They are mostly used for domestic chores and therefore mainly used by women. Since they come in many shapes and sizes they are very versatile and may be used at times by male and female, young and old alike. \nGourds are hard skinned fruits from the same plant family as melons, pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers. Most grow on vines and some on trees in tropical climates all over the world. They grow in different shapes and sizes and when hollowed out and dried they make excellent containers. Gourds are very versatile and their range of shapes and sizes makes them suitable for many different purposes. If they are not cut in half like this example a whole gourd is commonly used to carry water, store milk or home made beer. Whole elongated gourds can be cut in half and used as spoons. They also have many uses outside of the home. They make very good fishing floats and very large half gourds have even been used as boats! There is an annual festival in Nigeria where people take to the river in gourd boats.  \n\nAnother common word for a gourd in Africa is a calabash, taken from the Spanish word for gourd, 'calabaza'. Calabaza itself comes from the Arabic word for a dry (hard-shell) gourd",
        "flag4": "N",
        "option6": "Dagan, E.A ' The African Calabash'  1995 ISBN 0969308116.; \nPeterson, D. M. ' The Decorated Gourd'  Lark Books, Sterling Publishing Co.; \nhttp:\/\/www.leeds.ac.uk\/collections\/africacontainer.htm; \nhttp:\/\/www.twincreek.com",
        "flag3": "N",
        "system_count": "0",
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        "option1": "People all over the world who lead a traditional lifestyle are still using gourds as containers. They grow naturally and can be easily cultivated so they are inexpensive. They are also very environmentally friendly since they are a renewable natural material, biodegradable and are not factory-made. Industrialised countries are producing containers, many nowadays in plastic which is non biodegradable, in factories powered by non renewable fossil fuels such as oil, coal or gas. Furthermore, these factory processes are producing carbon dioxide which is contributing to global warming. \n\nDo you think that we should all make more use of natural materials?",
        "option2": "Gourds grow best in a dry climate as they mould and rot easily. When the gourd is fully dry, it will be very light in weight, the seeds will rattle inside and the outer shell will be very hard. Only then is it ready to be prepared for use. The soft outer skin is scrubbed off and the hard outer skin can be carved, incised (scratched), burnt (scorched), painted or dyed for decoration, or even just polished to show its natural colours.   Most gourds used as household utensils will be undecorated or very simply decorated. This example has been highly carved with an antelope and comb design. The carver is unknown but would have been a skilled craftsman. Woodcarving in most parts of Africa is still usually a male trade although in southern Africa it is women who prepare gourds. This gourd (calabash) would have been made for decorative purposes only and perhaps only for the tourist trade."
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