{
    "identifier": [
        {
            "accession_number": "nn19608",
            "type": "accession number",
            "value": "nn19608",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "Written on a paper label stuck to the back of the object."
                }
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            "source": "Horniman Museum object label",
            "type": "unknown",
            "value": "642"
        },
        {
            "type": "Horniman Laboratory Number",
            "value": "435"
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    "note": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue note",
            "value": "Possibly 31.3.50\/61?"
        }
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    "loan": {
        "value": "Y"
    },
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        "CollectionsPeopleStories"
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        "id": "object-229302",
        "source": "hmc",
        "uuid": "eb6c621f-9ad0-3d6f-bfc5-057cdb709331"
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        {
            "type": "catalogue description",
            "value": "Figure of the Buddha seated in meditation in dhyanasana posture, carved from wood, lacquered and gilded. The hands rest palms upward, the left hand unusually above the right. The robes are a deep red with brighter red details along the borders. The face has been gilded, as have a few other areas, partially worn away. The top of the head is black and a large part of the surface plaster has cracked away.",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "attribution": {
                "date": [
                    {
                        "earliest": 2015,
                        "value": "2015-02-12",
                        "latest": 2015,
                        "primary": true
                    }
                ],
                "attributor": "Kerlogue, Fiona"
            },
            "type": "description",
            "value": "Figure of the Buddha seated in meditation in dhyanasana posture, carved from wood, lacquered and gilded. The hands rest palms upward, the left hand unusually above the right. The robes are a deep red with brighter red details along the borders. The face has been gilded, as have a few other areas, partially worn away. The top of the head is black and a large part of the surface plaster has cracked away."
        },
        {
            "date": [
                {
                    "earliest": 2015,
                    "value": "2015-02-02",
                    "latest": 2015,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "attribution": {
                "date": [
                    {
                        "earliest": 2015,
                        "value": "2015-02-02",
                        "latest": 2015,
                        "primary": true
                    }
                ],
                "attributor": "Cronin, Laura",
                "source": "object"
            },
            "historical": true,
            "type": "description",
            "value": "Large figure of earth touching Buddha Carved from wood, coated in textile and plaster and finished with pigment. The robes are painted a deep red with brighter red details. The face has been gilded, as have a few other areas which look like they have partially worn away. The top of the head is black and a large part of the surface plaster has cracked away. At the back, there is a large void."
        },
        {
            "type": "commentary",
            "value": "Commentary by Kevin McLoughlin of National Museums Scotland: \n \nBased on the image you sent me, I would date the statue to the late Ming (1368-1644) to Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. Based on the style of the drapery, their folds; the proportions of the statue and so on, I would tend toward a 16th to 18th century date i.e. late Ming to mid-Qing. The Buddha is seated in the dhyanasana pose, seated cross-legged with both hands resting on the lap, a mudra known as the dhyana mudra which indicates a meditative state. Figures in this pose are typically identified as either the historical Buddha, Shakyamuni Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama, c. 563 BCE or c. 483 BCE), or Vairocana Buddha. Vairocana (known in Chinese as\u00e5\u00a4\u00a7\u00e6\u2014\u00a5\u00e5\u00a6\u201a\u00e4\u00be\u2020 [Dari rulai], or\u00e6\u00af\u02dc\u00e7\u203a\u00a7\u00e9\ufffd\u00ae\u00e9\u201a\u00a3\u00e4\u00bd\u203a [Piluzhena Fo]) is considered the Primordial Buddha, and as one of the Five Dhyani Buddhas.  \n \nThe figure has clearly been badly damaged around the head, and the base, and it's possible that the figure may once have had a lotus throne of some sort, probably separate from the figure and perhaps of another material e.g. wood, though many such figures survive without. A figure of this scale would almost certainly have been intended for a temple setting rather than a domestic.  \n \nDry Lacquer \nThe term dry lacquer is a rather clumsy and inappropriate one. The dry lacquer technique used to produce this statue essentially means applying lacquer on to a wooden or clay substrate\u00e2\u20ac\u201dwooden in this instance. The lacquering is achieved by applying successive layers of lacquer saturated cloth (often coarsely woven hemp) to the surface of the statue. The final outer layers may be of a more refined lacquer paste combined with various additives. The completed image will often, as here, then be painted or gilded, and might be repainted or re-gilded periodically. The technique has been used in China since at least the 4th century CE. A couple of variations of the dry lacquer technique exist. One is hollow dry lacquer which involves the application of lacquer layers to a temporary substrate which is removed once the lacquer has set to leave a hollow lacquer shell. The other variation, used in this statue is the wood-core technique where the image is typically either made of a single wooden block, or several carved wooden blocks joined together, or of a wooden shell\u00e2\u20ac\u201dwith or without internal bracing. I would guess that this image is probably the wood-core block method, though obviously it's impossible to tell without further examination. \u00e2\u20ac\u0192 \nFurther Reading (General References) \nThese are all fairly easily accessible sources and should provide some useful context and comparison.  \n \nHoward, Angela F. Chinese Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. \n \nLarson, John, and Rose Kerr. Guanyin: A Masterpiece Revealed. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1985. \n \nLeidy, Denise P, Donna K. Strahan, and Lawrence Becker. Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010. \n \nRivers, Shayne, Rupert Faulkner, and Boris Pretzel. East Asian Lacquer: Material Culture, Science and Conservation. London: Archetype in association with the V&A, 2011. \n \nWatt, James C. Y, and Barbara B. Ford. East Asian Lacquer: The Florence and Herbert Irving Collection. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991. \n \n \nKevin McLoughlin \n16\/02\/2015"
        },
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            "type": "commentary",
            "value": "see commentary in flexi field"
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