{
    "instructions": [
        {
            "date": [
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                    "earliest": 1999,
                    "value": "1999-08-03",
                    "latest": 1999,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "note": "FCOPE",
            "instruction": "red",
            "type": "HANDLING STATUS"
        }
    ],
    "loan": {
        "value": "N"
    },
    "projects": [
        "CollectionsPeopleStories"
    ],
    "subject": [
        {
            "summary": {
                "title": "Ancestors"
            },
            "@link": {
                "attribution": {
                    "type": "Category: China (online)"
                }
            },
            "@admin": {
                "uid": "hmc-subject-217",
                "id": "subject-217",
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    "description": [
        {
            "type": "catalogue description",
            "value": "Ancestor tablet made from natural wood with black painted Chinese characters. The 11 characters inscribed on the tablet read: \u6c11 \u7956\u8003 \u8b1a \u52e4\u6dd1\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e4b\u795e\u4e3b, which roughly means \u2018Shrine of Ching-shu\u2019. The first character\u6c11 \u2018min\u2019 has two kinds of meaning. It may refer to the time the person lived\uff0dthe Republican period - (to differentiate the deceased  from ancestors of the Qing dynasty), or it might be intended to indicate the identity of the person\uff0da normal citizen (to differentiate the person from ancestors who are civil officials or nobles). The next two characters\u7956\u8003 \u2018zu kao\u2019 are an honorific title referring to an ancestor who died under the age of 60. (If the person lives longer than 60 years, then another term \u986f\u8003 \u2018 xian kao\u2019 should be used.) The next letter \u8ae1 \u2018shi\u2019 is the Chinese posthumous term, for the name published after death. Posthumous names can be terms of praise (in Chinese: \u8912\u5b57) or deprecations (in Chinese: \u8cb6\u5b57). There are more praises than deprecations, so posthumous names are also commonly called respectful names (in Chinese: \u5c0a\u865f \u2018zun hao\u2019). It is used in three main situations: firstly, it is commonly used when naming royalty of China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan; secondly, they were also given to honour lifetime accomplishments of many people who did not have hereditary titles in China and Vietnam, for example to successful courtiers; lastly, sometimes a person is given a posthumous name not by the court, but by his own family or disciples. Such names are private posthumous names (in Chinese: \u79c1\u8ae1, \u2018si shi\u2019).The posthumous name of this person is a private one, which was probably given by his or her family. It reads \u52e4\u6dd1 \u2018qin shu\u2019, which means \u2018diligent and virtuous\u2019. This two words are both adjectives commonly used to describe women. Also, it is rare to have the posthumous name on a tablet, because in the traditional Chinese ritual, only the ancestor\u2019s original name should be put on.  This suggests that this might be a tablet from a Hakka family, since only the Hakka people have this kind of tradition to use the posthumous name. The word\u52e4 \u2018qin\u2019 is also widely used in Hakka society and on their ancestor tablets, because this word can best describe their chief virtue\uff0ddiligence. Considering the indications above, this might be the tablet of a Hakka women who passed away below the age of 60 years.",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "date": [
                {
                    "earliest": 2008,
                    "value": "2008-03-05",
                    "latest": 2008,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "'The Chinese: Their History and Culture' by Kenneth Scott Latourette; \n'Sources of Chinese Tradition' by  William Theodore de Bary, Wing-tsit Chan and Burton Watson;\n'The Three Religions of China' by W. E. Soothill"
                }
            ],
            "source": "Cheng, Ching Ju",
            "type": "commentary (online)",
            "value": "Chinese people believe that once a person dies the soul of the person continues to exist. Each person's soul is thought to exist in the grave as well as in an ancestral tablet. Originally ancestors were remembered by carrying out sacrifices. Through these acts of worship, families believed their ancestors would bless and protect them.  If the family failed to honour their ancestors by  neglecting them, it was thought that the ancestors would bring their living relatives \"misfortunes and calamity\".\n\nMany Chinese families perform the practice of ancestor worship still today. There is a room or section of the house where the ancestor shrine is located. The shrine holds the ancestral tablet, which is a narrow wooden tablet about twelve inches tall with the name of the relative written on it. Incense and daily offerings are  placed in front of the tablet in honour of the ancestor."
        },
        {
            "date": [
                {
                    "earliest": 2008,
                    "value": "2008-03-05",
                    "latest": 2008,
                    "primary": true
                }
            ],
            "type": "description (online)",
            "value": "Ancestor tablet with black painted Chinese characters made from natural wood."
        },
        {
            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "Interpretation, transcription and translation by Wu Ni Yen."
                }
            ],
            "attribution": {
                "date": [
                    {
                        "earliest": 2015,
                        "value": "2015-07-20",
                        "latest": 2015,
                        "primary": true
                    }
                ],
                "attributor": "Kerlogue, Fiona"
            },
            "type": "description",
            "value": "Ancestor tablet made from natural wood with black painted Chinese characters. The 11 characters inscribed on the tablet read: \u6c11 \u7956\u8003 \u8b1a \u52e4\u6dd1\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e4b\u795e\u4e3b, which roughly means \u2018Shrine of Ching-shu\u2019. The first character\u6c11 \u2018min\u2019 has two kinds of meaning. It may refer to the time the person lived\uff0dthe Republican period - (to differentiate the deceased  from ancestors of the Qing dynasty), or it might be intended to indicate the identity of the person\uff0da normal citizen (to differentiate the person from ancestors who are civil officials or nobles). The next two characters\u7956\u8003 \u2018zu kao\u2019 are an honorific title referring to an ancestor who died under the age of 60. (If the person lives longer than 60 years, then another term \u986f\u8003 \u2018 xian kao\u2019 should be used.) The next letter \u8ae1 \u2018shi\u2019 is the Chinese posthumous term, for the name published after death. Posthumous names can be terms of praise (in Chinese: \u8912\u5b57) or deprecations (in Chinese: \u8cb6\u5b57). There are more praises than deprecations, so posthumous names are also commonly called respectful names (in Chinese: \u5c0a\u865f \u2018zun hao\u2019). It is used in three main situations: firstly, it is commonly used when naming royalty of China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan; secondly, they were also given to honour lifetime accomplishments of many people who did not have hereditary titles in China and Vietnam, for example to successful courtiers; lastly, sometimes a person is given a posthumous name not by the court, but by his own family or disciples. Such names are private posthumous names (in Chinese: \u79c1\u8ae1, \u2018si shi\u2019).The posthumous name of this person is a private one, which was probably given by his or her family. It reads \u52e4\u6dd1 \u2018qin shu\u2019, which means \u2018diligent and virtuous\u2019. This two words are both adjectives commonly used to describe women. Also, it is rare to have the posthumous name on a tablet, because in the traditional Chinese ritual, only the ancestor\u2019s original name should be put on.  This suggests that this might be a tablet from a Hakka family, since only the Hakka people have this kind of tradition to use the posthumous name. The word\u52e4 \u2018qin\u2019 is also widely used in Hakka society and on their ancestor tablets, because this word can best describe their chief virtue\uff0ddiligence. Considering the indications above, this might be the tablet of a Hakka women who passed away below the age of 60 years."
        }
    ],
    "language": [
        "eng"
    ],
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        "sub_type": [
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        "base": "object"
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    "legal": {
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        {
            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "Jennings, Rachel"
                }
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            "location": "front",
            "type": "inscription"
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            "note": [
                {
                    "value": "Jennings, Rachel"
                }
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            "location": "label on rear",
            "type": "inscription"
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                "title": "ancestor tablets"
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    ],
    "physical": [
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            "note": "Cope, Fay 1999-08-03",
            "component": "overall",
            "term": "complete",
            "descriptor": "completeness",
            "@reference": {
                "@entity": "literal"
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            "type": "completeness"
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        {
            "component": "overall",
            "term": "wood",
            "descriptor": "material",
            "@reference": {
                "summary": {
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    ],
    "creation": {
        "date": [
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                "source": "catalogue",
                "earliest": 1901,
                "value": "20th century",
                "latest": 2000
            },
            {
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                        "value": "date made"
                    }
                ],
                "earliest": 1901,
                "value": "20th century",
                "latest": 2000
            }
        ],
        "place": [
            {
                "summary": {
                    "title": "China"
                },
                "@link": {
                    "role": [
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                            "value": "made or collected"
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                    ]
                },
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            {
                "summary": {
                    "title": "China, East Asia, Asia"
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                "name": [
                    {
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                    }
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        "display": "overall: 160 x 80 x 50 mm",
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                "primary": true
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                "dimension": "depth",
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            },
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            },
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                "dimension": "width",
                "value": "80"
            }
        ]
    },
    "summary": {
        "title": "ancestor tablet"
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    "identifier": [
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            "accession_number": "nn8528",
            "type": "accession number",
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            "primary": true
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    ],
    "collection": "Anthropology",
    "condition": [
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                "value": "1999-08-03",
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            "value": "wood",
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        {
            "type": "catalogue name",
            "value": "ancestor tablet",
            "primary": true
        },
        {
            "@reference": {
                "summary": {
                    "title": "ancestor tablets"
                },
                "@link": {
                    "role": [
                        {
                            "value": "object name"
                        }
                    ],
                    "variation": 109786
                },
                "@admin": {
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            "type": "object name"
        },
        {
            "type": "object name (local)"
        },
        {
            "type": "object name (local)"
        },
        {
            "type": "object name",
            "value": "ancestral tablet"
        },
        {
            "type": "object name (Horniman Ethno.)",
            "value": "ancestor tablets (tablets (ritual & belief: cult of the dead))"
        },
        {
            "type": "object name",
            "value": "ancestor tablet"
        }
    ],
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        {
            "type": "category1",
            "value": "Anthropology: Ethnography"
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                    "value": "2018-09-11",
                    "latest": 2018
                },
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        {
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                {
                    "value": "Location automatically updated from SCC; 3\/0; 000058; ; 00000K; 000002 as part of rationalisation of SCC locations, Rupert Shepherd,  2012-06-30."
                }
            ],
            "@link": {
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                    "latest": 2007
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                "level4": "shK",
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                "role": [
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                ],
                "last": {
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}